Gap Case Study Essay Sample free essay sample

Gap Inc. is a big retail company having several trade names such as Gap. ( including Gap Kids. Gap Baby. Gap Body ) Banana Republic. Old Navy Piperlime and Athleta. The company is an American vesture and accoutrements retailer based in San Francisco. and was founded in 1969 by Donald and Doris Fisher. They strive to sell quality vesture. largely the rudimentss. for good monetary values. They are a taking company in the dress retail market with 3. 085 shops. Through the five trade names that Gap Inc. owns. they are able to make several different monetary value points. which each attract a different client. Gap’s mark market age section includes work forces and adult females from 17-30. This includes individual adolescents. immature grownups. and immature married twosomes. They besides try to aim minorities such as Hispanics. African Americans. and Asians. The client is by and large middle-upper category and lives in urban and suburban countries. We will write a custom essay sample on Gap Case Study Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Most of them tend to be career- oriented and household oriented. They want to purchase quality made rudimentss with edification at low-cost monetary values. They besides offer babe and children’s vesture. which entreaties to mas who shop at Gap that will purchase dressing for their childs as good. Gap offers a broad mixture of basic vesture. and work vesture. They sell denim. t-shirts jumpers. tops and accoutrements for work forces adult females and kids. They besides offer personal attention merchandises. Gap places itself to be â€Å"Iconic. American. Imaginative. † They want the consumer to see them as a retail merchant that offers American manners that are stylish and alone. They strive to be purveyors of mundane manner. The trade name is founded on the end to give clients fashionable insouciant vesture for the right monetary value. SWOT analysis:Strengths:-Strong trade name image: Gap is recognized globally as and American manner. pop civilization and emotional affinity -loyal clients ( Baby Boomers and Generation Y ) . and a big mark market -many retail shops around the state and internationally. They have 3. 095 shops worldwide in the US. France. Japan. United Kingdom. Canada and Ireland. They besides have franchises in Turkey and United Arab Emirates. -strong president and CEO Glenn Murphy. who has turned the company about since 2007 -quality-made. lasting merchandises -Gap corsets true to its nucleus principals and values of offering consumers the best quality at the best monetary values.-Multiple trade names and trade name extensions help them make a broad scope of sections. Gap has 5 distinguishable trade names such as Gap. Old Navy. Banana Republic. Piperlime and Athleta. They besides have trade name extensions such as GapKids. babyGap. gapbody and GapMaternity. Failings:-Gap’s vesture line doesn’t offer voguish vesture to clients. which puts them behind their rivals.-Nearly all of their ware relies on 3rd party sellers outside the US. Third party sellers can do deficits. transportation holds. and increased costs.-Uncontrollable production procedure-Declining runing hard currency flows-They are losing touch with their nucleus client. and confounding the consumer as they try to spread out their mark market.-Weak public presentation of Gap- gross revenues have declined in the last few old ages-Competitors may offer lower monetary values-Recently. merchandises aren’t vibrating with the client Opportunities:-To enter the planetary market in Europe and China- they plan to open shops in Italy and China -Grow into new markets and sections of the population. They can aim Latino Americas. who are the fastest turning minority in the US. -Expanding into new merchandises such as places. pocketbooks. accoutrements. etc. -Become a trendsetter -Utilize e-commerce to bring forth increased sales- Gap has introduced a web-based shop Menaces:-Economic downswing and recession consequences in reduced gross revenues. and decreased client disbursement -The Global forte dress retail industry is extremely competitory. Rivals include: J Crew. Abercrombie and Fitch. American Eagle Outfitters. etc. -Discounters who offer quality vesture at a better value -Competitors who offer mass market. fast manner. voguish vesture are turning. such as: Everlastingly 21. H A ; M. Anthropology Urban Outfitters. -Fashion tendencies are altering quickly and Gap is falling behind -Production costs continue to lift. even abroad -The market for premier retail is competitory. and location of shops straight impacts gross revenues. -Rising monetary values of cotton due to endure leads to increases costs and retail monetary values -Designer Patrick Robinson leaves the company ( loss of cardinal staff ) Harmonizing to the article. Gap is confronting a hard state of affairs as their caput interior decorator. Patrick Robinson. leaves the company. Retail analysts believe that the company needs to be downsized by shuting unproductive shops. they need to do direction alterations. and they need improved merchandises that are consistent with the selling schemes. The basic job is that Gap’s image has declined and people are get downing to tie in them as â€Å"tired. commoditized. driven by monetary value. † Gap needs to be repositioned. and they need person who understands the client. that will turn the trade name about. Gap’s scheme is to shut all shops that are underachieving in order to cut costs. They will besides pass more money on advertisement and selling to a younger market and to minorities such as Hispanics. Asians. and African-Americans. By making so. they hope to get greater market portion. They will besides utilize new engineering that will turn up merchand ises on-line and in shops. In my sentiment. I think that Gap’s image has decidedly started to worsen. Today. most clients are merely looking for the best manner at the best monetary value. They aren’t as trade name loyal as they one time were because now there are so many trade names offering the same merchandises. Gap needs to maintain up with tendencies if they want to remain in front of their rivals. It’s clip for them to spread out their merchandises into new classs such as footwear. pocketbooks and accoutrements. Particularly when the economic system is down. people turn to inexpensive and fun accoutrements to update their expression. alternatively of new apparels. This can be a new chance for Gap to convey in more clients. By presenting tendencies they will besides appeal to a younger market. whose shoppers are by and large interested in the last tendencies and colourss. Gap should take to shift their company as a manner frontward. cutting border trade name alternatively of a trade name â€Å"that offers great monetary values and quality. † There are many trade names that do that. nevertheless at the terminal of the twenty-four hours people are traveling to purchase the merchandises that they like the best. and happen to be the most fashionable. Gap offers the same basic manners twelvemonth after twelvemonth. but it is clip to give it some more depth. The designs must stay consistent to the selling program. Gap’s biggest failing is merchandise betterment and design. and now that Patrick Robinson left. they need to engage an advanced interior decorator who will understand what the consumer wants.

8 signs your coworker is toxic

8 signs your coworker is toxic There’s nothing quite as uniquely stressful as a toxic coworker- and if you’ve been a victim of one you know precisely how difficult a situation he or she can be. They can be toxic for a wide variety of reasons, from a negative energy that they give off to a detrimental effect they have on your team, department, or entire workplace. The effects can be wide ranging- from making your work environment uncomfortable to seriously impacting productivity and workplace satisfaction. While in other parts of your life you can usually avoid a person who’s toxic, it’s not quite as easy to do so at work. And given that we typically spend a minimum of 40 hours at our jobs per week- a significant part of our waking lives- it can be a real problem, and often one without an easy solution.Are you wondering if a coworker of yours is toxic? There are signs that you can look for to know for sure, and once you know you can set up a plan for dealing with the situation. Inc. rece ntly published an article that covers 8 signs you should look for to determine if your coworker is toxic. Use this information to help you navigate this tricky situation!1. They’re â€Å"secret† know-it-alls.Do you have a coworker who’s perfectly pleasant and agreeable- even a team player- when the boss is paying attention but quickly reverts to an annoying know-it-all who can’t seem to allow room for any other opinion but they’re own? This sort of toxic coworker can be impossible to work collaboratively with and can make it really hard to function comfortably at work.2. They act as if they’ve already paid their dues.Most of us have experience with this sort of toxic coworker- they think that the sheer fact that they’ve been at the workplace longer gives them some level of superiority or special pass to behave in any way they wish (and often it’s in a terrible way). Often, they get by doing as little as possible and expect newe r employees who are currently â€Å"paying their dues† to shoulder a greater amount of the work. It’s never fun to be around this sort of coworker, and it’s certainly not a recipe for workplace efficiency.3. They like to say, â€Å"Yeah, but that’s not my job.†This type of coworker can be a real nightmare to be around. They have a very narrow and rigid view of what their jobs entail and leave little or no room for flexibility or taking one for the team. They treat everything that they don’t want to do like a â€Å"hot potato† that they quickly pass along to others. Being around this sort of person never feels good- they never truly gel with the rest of the team.4. They think experience is a tangible commodity.Some people wrap themselves in the vague notion of their perceived â€Å"experience,† without it pointing to any clearly defined skill set or measurable contribution to the team. These people often fail or refuse to learn new skills, grow, and adapt. The truth is, experience is great- but in a fast-paced, constantly evolving workplace, experience is not the sole commodity that some toxic coworkers make it out to be, and it can create clear weak links in the employee chain.5. They love gossip.Who hasn’t had a coworker who seems to spend more time gossiping than getting actual work done? They can talk endlessly about a wide range of useless subjects to any coworker who’ll listen- as long as they don’t involve actual work-related topics. Not only is their work output minimal as a result, they’re often a drain on others around them as well- a real lose-lose situation.6. They use  peer pressure to hold other people  back.To these sorts of toxic coworkers, the workplace is like a reality TV show in which they create alliances and enemies and manipulate others around them to achieve their selfish goals. Often peer pressure is their tool of choice, and they use their perceived influence with their coworkers to manipulate and hold other people back while propping themselves up.7. They’re quick  to grab the glory.Rather than view successes as the result of teamwork and collaborative effort, these coworkers like to hog the spotlight and pretend that every success is the sole result of their own influence and contributions. These toxic people somehow manage to tarnish every workplace win with their selfish behavior.8. They’re even quicker to throw others under the bus.Consider this the flip side to the previous point- as quick as these people are to grab the glory after a big win, they’ll just as quickly point the finger at others and assign blame when things go sour. These toxic coworkers keep everyone on edge and on their toes at work- and not in a good way.If you recognize any of the signs mentioned above, you might just have a toxic coworker. If so, recognizing it is the first step. Consider your options for following up- sometimes a simple talk with the coworker can make a world of difference. Be patient, be kind, and stand up for yourself in a professional manner. Aim to be the coworker you wish you had.

Competitive silence or personalization of products, the case of Apple Essay

Competitive silence or personalization of products, the case of Apple Computer - Essay Example The scenario has now changed as most managers understand the need to maintain a strategic grip on the information a company receives and disseminates. They can then use this information in not only managing the internal processes but also control external factors such as share price and market perceptions. There is a very important link between the trends of information leaked and corporate success. The main factor for the success of any business is sales. This is because the primary aim of doing business for every organization is to earn a profit. There are two primary ways to increase over all monetary value of profit. The first way is to increase the gross profit margin on the products being offered in the market. This is the more difficult way for some products and at the end of the day it comes down to strategy. The product life cycle for example is major contributor to the decision of choosing the strategy of trying to increase gross margin. Products in the mature stage of their life cycle for example require extensive marketing efforts to increase gross margins. On the other hand products in introductory stage find it much easier to charge higher gross margins. The bulk of products being offered in the market are in mature stage of their product life cycle, so the question aris es as how to increase their profits? Even if extensive marketing efforts are undertaken they would although drive up sales but are much costly themselves. The alternative strategy is increasing the amount of sales rather than gross profit margin. There are many different ways of increasing sales none of which are easy to implement. Moreover most methods are replicable e.g. IBM moves its focus from Asia to cheaper markets of Africa. If we look at this example it would be very easy for competitors of IBM such as DELL and Compaq to target Africa as well. The point here is that driving up sales in a mature market

Costco membership policy Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Costco membership policy - Term Paper Example One of the key strengths about the brand is the fact that the business has been established with one main goals which was to provide membership to most wholesale buyers. The crucial fact about the business is that is business model is unique. As such, the uniqueness in the business model is a key marketing point that the organization needs to center on. Although, there are few other warehouse clubs in the United States and elsewhere across the globe, evidently, Costco was one of the first and still remains one of the leading organizations in the field (Edleson, 2014). As such, uniqueness is a key selling point for the organization. Another major strength is the brand reputation. Currently, Costco is a key destination for shoppers with large families or people seeking to purchase products in bulk. With a superior reputation as is the case with the organization, it is evident that the marketing of the brand would be much easier. Costco is recurrently mentioned in movies and television programs and hence the proposition that most of the people already know about it. As such, the marketing plan needs not to center on introduction of the brand but rather should be emphatic on maintaining a good reputation about the organization. Although the brand being too big is a focal point of strength, it can also serve as a key weakness for the organization. Arguably, marketing a large brand is hectic. Additionally, it is also very pricey. As such, the budget for marketing such an organization is huge. Likewise, marketing an already reputable brand is a little complicated in that wrong marketing strategies would lead into destroying the brand as opposed to improving its reputation. As such, the marketing developed for this organization needs to be considered keenly and assessed. The marketing team needs to be experienced in handling large brands and marketing them effectively (Bowman & Gatignon, 2010). This weakness

Joan of Arc Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Joan of Arc - Research Paper Example They again felt that they would be able to hold on to the sovereignty of their nation and have their own king on the throne. Joan of Arc lived her life according to what she felt was the dictate of God. What she did was based on the visions that she had when she was a child living in a village of France. Her rise to power in France was thus meteoric. Her death however, was equally tragic. A gruesome death at the hands of the English Church was hardly what she deserved after the pains that she took for the sake of her motherland, France. Following her death, her memory was recovered and she has now entered into public consciousness through literature and various other sources. This paper shall seek to understand her position as a woman in the fifteenth century and attempt to answer the question as to whether this position affected the different choices that Joan of Arc took. Joan of Arc’s entry into French politics is looked upon with great surprise by many who are familiar wit h the condition that women found themselves during the fifteenth century in France and for that matter, anywhere in the world. This is not a pointer to the immense clout that Joan of Arc wielded at this point, right at the beginning of her career, but to the condition that France found herself in. ... She however, looked at the situation where the Count of Dunois had led France to and sought to reverse it. The siege of Orleans had started to look like a hopeless affair as far as the French were concerned. The siege which had continued for over seven months had started to look ominous from the French point of view. This condition was changed to a large extent with the point where Joan of Arc enters the history of the Hundred Years War. Her journey to meet the Dauphin was the catalyst behind the revival of the French hopes as far as the continuance of their resistance was concerned (Pernoud 1999, 9-11)1. This journey was an uncommon one for any woman to undertake and this was the beginning of her breaking various stereotypes that are often assigned to women. This was a breaking of a barrier of customs that did not have such a precedent. Joan of Arc thus set an example for those who were to follow her, providing them with an example of initiative. In the twenty first century, there a re many women who are lauded for their political initiative and courage. One needs to remember that Joan of Arc’s actions were taken in a conservative society where women were given much less freedom than they are in today’s society. This makes her achievement all the more praiseworthy. Calling her the â€Å"Ideal Androgyne†, Marina Warner talks of Joan’s transvestism2 (1981, 140). Wearing clothes that were traditionally worn by men was something that Joan had to resort to so as to protect herself from sexual advances by male soldiers of both camps. This points to the condition that women had to face in society at the point of time when Joan was active. The importance of this lies in the fact that even a person who was powerful in the larger 1. Pernoud

Organization is social arrangement for controlled performance of collective goals

Organization is social arrangement for controlled performance of collective goals Organizational structure: Consists of activities such as task coordination, allocation and supervision, which are directed towards the employees, get the organizational aims. It can be considered as the glass or outlook through which individuals see their organization and its environment. Some organizations have hierarchal structures. Work Specialization: A manager gives the task to his employees and makes the subgroups or division of labor, employees will perform better task according to their work experience and skill. For example Honda Car Company makes the subgroups; they will divide their employees into many categories. 1st worker to design the car 2nd worker to paint the car 3rd worker to put the front and back wheel of the car another person to install the engine of the car and so on. Advantage In work specialization workers get expert to his work and there will be rare chances of mistake. Disadvantage By doing the repeated work again and again employees feel bored what they do. Departmentalization In departmentalization jobs are divided into many levels. There are many types of departmentalization which are given below: 1. Functional departmentalization In this type of departmentalization group of people combine together. They perform common task that use common technology, and material. For example HR, Finance, etc. Advantages In functional departmentalization one function is adopted by one department. Disadvantages There is poor management in functional departmentalization. Communication problem will arise in functional departmentalization. 2. Product departmentalization This is a type of departmentalization in which products are divided according to the type of product. For example Nestle company. Advantages: Work experience will be more improved; many salesmen sell the product again and there work skill is improved in product departmentalization. In this product department management of other functional activities is passing to manager. Disadvantages: In product departmentalization administration cost will arise. Another disadvantage of this departmentalization is that it cut of the department from the other parts of the process. This department may be became very extremely distributed with its individual task in its place performing arts in habits that will profit in generally production process and firms. 3. GEOGRAPHICAL DEPARTMENTALIZATION In this departmentalization grouping actions are performed on the basis of field. E.g. Coca Cola Company has focused the companyà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s procedure in twice large Geographic areas-the northern American sector and the international sector, which can be embraced the Pacific Rim, the European community, northeast Europe, Africa and Latin American groups. Advantages: It has an advantage to get quick response of different markets. According to geographic costs are kept low. If there is geographical departmentalization then employees know the culture and languages of existing place through which they can deal their customers easily. Disadvantages It has a disadvantage duplication problems will be create in firm cases. Another disadvantage it has complex to manage across department. 4. Process departmentalization: In this type of departmentalization only one specific work is given to each unit. 5. Customer departmentalization: Departmentalization in which task and jobs are performed according to the needs and wants of customers. E.g. A cross functional team consisting of managers from accounting, finance, and marketing is created to prepare a technology plan. Chain of command: Order in which power and authority in an organization is wielded and pass on top management to every employee at every level of the organization information flow downward along the chain of command and accountability flows upward. E.g. military is an example of straight chain of command which extend in unbroken line from the top self confidence to in ranks. This is also called line of command. Span of control: The span of control is a word to make in organization theory, but now used more normally in business management, particularly human resource management span of control to refer the number of subordinates supervisor has. There are two way of span of control Tall and narrow Flat and wide Tall and narrow: This type of organization size of structure is tall and narrow. In tall organization there is large number of hierarchy level. This implies a narrow span of control. Advantages: In tall organization employees can easily solve the problems because there is less burden of work. Disadvantages: In tall organization communication problems will be arising, as decisions take time to à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“filter downà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢. In tall organization same task passes through too many levels. There may arise conflict with each others due to large level of hierarchy. Flat and wide: This type of organization size of structure is flat and wide. In flat organization there is Small number of hierarchy levels. This implies a wide span of control. Advantages: More chances for delegation in flat organization. In flat organization Small number of steps on promotional ladders. Disadvantages: In flat organization Manager may have more than one of the numbers of employees. Growth of organization may be limit or hinder in flat organization. Centralization: Centralization the degree to which authority for making most decision at the top level of the organization. Top level manager take the decision there will no interference of lower level of the organization in centralization. Procedures, policies and records can be standardized transition-wide in centralization. Decentralization: The degree to which authority for making decision of all hierarchy levels of the organization. Matrix structure: The type of structure in which an organization hold team of people make the various section of business. When team makes the specific project for any purposes they are guided by a project manager. Often the team will only exist for the time of project and structures are usually deployed to create a new products and services. Advantages: Authorities and responsibilities can be shared among each others. There is less conflicts among each others. Disadvantages: If the project manager creates a project teams a lot of costs can be increased. Matrix structure is not suitable for small organization. Organizational culture: It is an idea in the field of management and organizational studies which can be describes the experience, attitudes, beliefs, psychology and value (cultural values and personal) of an organization. The values and norms that are shared by groups and peoples in an organization they control the path of which they can relate with each others and with stakeholders exterior of organization. There are four types of cultures which can be below. Power culture Role culture Person culture Task culture Power culture: Power culture is a culture in which one organization has more authority over another organization. .e.g. state bank has more authority over all the banks of Pakistan. If state bank of Pakistan takes changes in their laws or regulations then the banks all over Pakistan will follow the state bank of Pakistan. Role culture: Role culture is a culture in which each company divide themselves into many functions and after that they give every employee a specific role. Every employee got specialized in that role which increases organization productivity. Person culture: Person culture is a culture which emphasize on aim of organization. The target of the organization is to complete their aim. These cultures are found in those organizations which are not profit oriented. Task culture: Task culture is a culture which is submitted to a team to perform a specific task. The task is performed according to a due date. Task culture has some benefits because an employee feels inspired because he/she is selected in team to perform a task. Affect of organizational culture The affect of organizational culture depends upon the organization. If an organizational culture will be strong then it will make every employee to work hard or to become more efficient. It includes workers, staff, CEO Etc. some people get bored while doing their job which can affect the organization. By having strong culture it creates the enjoyment in job which leads to do more effort. Organization culture helps the employee to keep them on top; if the workers are satisfied according to the culture of organization then they wonà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t leave the job, which leads to stay in their own organization. A strong organizational culture attracts more talented people towards itself. So if the organization culture will be strong then it will create positive affect and if it is weak then it will be negative. Affect of organizational structure the structure of an organization is important to the performance of the organization. Two basic features of an organization structure are its width i.e. spans of control its height i.e. the levels of decentralization. From different observations done by different researchers it is stated that the change in the organizational structure, through its shape in terms of width and height, would affect the whole organizational performance. According to researchers and theorists there are two possible models of structures. 1-Flat: It consists of cross-functional team, with low formalization, possessing broad information and relying on fast decision making. 2-Tall: Its structure would be the opposite i.e. widespread departmentalization, high formalization, limited information and centralization. Therefore, the Flat model of structure would have the maximum width (span of control) but the minimum height (level), while the Tall model of structure would have the reverse, minimum span of control and maximum level. These are illustrated in Figure 1.

Autonomy and Society During the Industrial Revolution :: Essays Papers

The Industrial Revolution gave mankind more control over natural forces and made the production of more goods possible. One of the biggest changes from the Industrial Revolution was the movement of the population from a rural setting to the urban areas. Many new cities were created, and most of the already existing urban centers expanded in size. The population of Great Britain, France, and Germany increased by a combined 14 million people between 1831 and 1851.1 Living conditions for all classes were improved, and the people began to live in less poverty than ever before. More people of the time came to have extra money, creating an economy that grew by having a wider domestic base instead of concentrating more on trade. The industrialization of Europe created progress for all, improving the quality of life, and availability of products, as well as help close the gap between proletariat and bourgeoisie. The population was divided into two classes, the bourgeoisie and proletariat. Both groups had differing ideas of culture, society, laws, and general lifestyles. The bourgeoisie, or middle class, was the controlling group, consisting of merchants, tradesmen, and professionals. The middle class was the wealthier class, in charge of factories and involved in governmental positions. In middle class families there was a distinct separation between men and women. The men went out and earned money for the family, while the women stayed at home and raised children. Bourgeois children were treasured by their families, and educated in both schools and at home. "Daily experience shows that it is energetic individualism which produces the most powerful effects upon the life and action of others, and really constitutes the best practical education."2 An education gave the bourgeoisie a sense of superiority over the working class as well as a sense of responsibility for them. The bourgeoisie had a firm belief that the market was the ultimate expression of individual liberty. The middle class society controlled the fate of the working class and oftentimes exploited them to further their own ends, all in the name of improving society. Most middle class people were concerned mainly with gaining wealth, and ensuring that the working class did not rise up against them. The bourgeoisie felt that the lower class was lazy and would be unproductive if they were not properly disciplined. Therefore, working conditions in factories were very difficult on the life of the working class man.

Power and Knowledge Essay

Poststructuralism as one of the contemporary political philosophy gain its popularity because of its radical assumptions that veered away from the traditional structuralist thinking. The project of the renaissance scholars to control everything including nature through the used of knowledge particularly scientific knowledge did not gain much fame in this late century. Structuralism although it offers much in looking how institutions served as parts of a social system tend to believe that society could control the individual with the aid of science. However, the ideas of Jean Lyotard, Michel Foucault and Jean-Luc Nancy proved otherwise. The dream of grand theorists to integrate knowledge and create a unified social system is the very idea that most contemporary theorists avoid. Prior to the development of poststructuralism, discussion on power and knowledge is always a feature seen within the structures and not something that emanates from the individual, this structure-agency pendulum continues to fascinate theorists. Structural functionalists believed that social structures such as religion, culture, and government have strong hold over the individual particularly in their socialization process. Talcott Parsons (1951) for instance, look society as the social system divided by subsystems that have specific functions. Each part of society functions and creates mutual interdependence thus maintaining the dynamism of whole social system(Parsons: 1951). The Contemporary political philosophy opens a lot of venues in analyzing society with proposing meta narratives. Much of the themes of contemporary thinkers would be on the consequences of modernity, globalization among others. Topics on power and knowledge are just two of the basic issues that philosophers continuously are gaining interest. It provides a picture on how the development of knowledge transformed power relations in contemporary society. Contemporary political philosophy as it is advanced by the writings of three philosophers mentioned in the previous paragraph, look at power and knowledge in a different light. Before, the scholars would think that the development of knowledge is in a continuum and that power is exerted by institutions to the individual as if power has a center or a fixed point. In Contemporary political philosophy one can view that the source of power comes from various agencies,and the struggling character of power is in every discourse. Power is not only evident on political apparatus, on the religious order or on the intellectual community but power is seen on all arrays of everyday existence. Our day to day social relations are power relations. One of the contemporary thinkers who would employ much time in discussing power is Foucault. Some thinkers considered him as a poststrcuturalist or a postmodern thinker, because of the fluidity of his ideas. Moreover, there are critics who accused him of relativism because of his theory favors, intersubjectivity, the discursive method, discourse among others. Foucault (2002) did not suggests a central power or a solid one that one can see for instance in an authoritarian society, rather in looking at society, one could see ‘pockets’ of power or a decentralized one coming from various discourses. On the other hand, in his theory of knowledge one can see its deviation from Descartes’ Cogito. Reason as the underlying principle of the enlightenment period, did not escaped the gaze of Foucault. In his Madness and Civilization (1965) he examined that through history, madness became an invention that would serve as the opposite of reason. With the definition on madness as â€Å"non-rational† or irrational, it justifies the power of reason during the enlightenment period. Only through its binary opposition which is madness can reason hold its power. The control of the patient with the development of psychiatry in Madness and Civilization (1965) also served as a critique that looks at how modern society manifests the same features as that one can find in the discipline of psychiatry. There are various means by which society controls the individual. Foucault discussed that in the modern era, exercising power need not necessarily be brute and obvious. One example is his idea of punishment as a result of deviating from the norm. Foucault in Discipline an Punish (1977), discussed in what way torture as a form of punishment in the 18th century was transformed by discipline. With the birth of the prison, instead of attacking the physical body the institution inculcate discipline as a form of punishment. This feature of the prison, and even the birth of the clinic shows how slowly modern society is becoming more authoritarian and all of these are possible because of the different knowledge that people believe as true and moral during their times. Foucault in his Archeology of Knowledge (2002) look at historical development not in a continuum because he did not believed in a unified discourse as proposed by grand narratives such as that of the Parsonian theory. What one can see through history are various realities, are what he called discontinuities. Much of his theory of power and knowledge could also be seen in the History of Sexuality (1990) wherein he is not interested in sexuality per se, but in looking at the underlying struggle within the discourse of sexuality. While in the earlier periods, society repress one’s sexuality, this kind of discourse even propagates it. The more that society for instance repressed homosexuality, the more that people become interested in exploring the topic. In the History of Sexuality (1990)), he sees the reciprocal relation of power and knowledge. One example is the different meanings that society give on sexual relations such as relations out of marriage and the one allowed by the community. These definitions creates divisions in society, thus exercising power over the individual through social norms. By propagating a certain kind of knowledge, this could lead to a power relation between groups. The one who is in control of knowledge will therefore exercise power to the other group. However, it must be clear that the reciprocal relation of power and knowledge is not fixed rather it transform through every discourse. Apart from Foucault, Jean Lyotard also contributes to the debate on the relationship of power and knowledge. In his book, the Postmodern Condition (1979) Lyotard mentioned that the transformation of society into industrialized and complex system leads into the redefinition of the nature of knowledge. In Modern societies, the power of the capitalists to open the market leads to the question that, what kind of knowledge is acceptable or is legitimate provided that there are a lot of choices. Lyotard(1979) sees the complexities in modern times because when one looks at it, it is in no longer a question of simple legitimacy of knowledge but a question of who has the power to decide what is acceptable or legitimate. In addressing the uncertainties of knowledge, Lyotard suggests that one should employ the value of speaking the same language game. How can people speak the same language provided that there are various ways of learning things? Lyotard believes that one must contextualize, and in this part he adopts Wittgensteins’ language game. ’ By contextualizing, the person should be aware of the rules before making considerable actions. Lyotard believes that to be able to analyze knowledge in contemporary society, one must consider what kind of society it is situated. The split between Parsonian theory and that of Marxism will definitely help in looking at the problem of knowledge. Initially one will decide whether to maintain the status quo or radically change it. Because of the ability of language to bind society through communication, Lyotard favors this framework in addressing the issue of knowledge in the postmodern era. Greatly influenced by Heidegger on the other hand, Jean -Luc Nancy (1991) believed that we are thrown into the world therefore we should not rely on God for our existence. Contemporary society according to him is becoming more chaotic in the sense that the harmonious relation in traditional society is transformed into a complex society where there are a lot of uncertainties. Uncertainties are brought by the unintended consequences of modernity. With the advent of globalization, the closed and neatly tied community is transformed into a complex one. While some thinkers consider the development of society into industrialized one as beneficial, still there are paradoxes to this rationality. Nancy in his concept of community critique the grand project of some societies to create a well-planned system such in the case of the socialist state where it only leads to violence. Much of the discussions of contemporary political philosophy dwells on how you can locate the discourse on power as a consequence of the accumulation of knowledge. The Unintended consequences of man’s search for knowledge and the transformation of knowledge into its many forms leads to different power relations. These power relations are seen on every realm of life, on every discourse in society. It is crucial to note that in the analysis of power, power lies to those who have control over knowledge, and in this age of information technology where there is an easy access to all forms of knowledge, it is only logical to think that power is distributed therefore decentralized. While the contemporary era provide a lot of alternatives,undeniably there are consequences that not even scientific knowledge can calculate. Yet the quest for further knowledge continues because beneath those ideas there you can always find power. Various forms of power operates on every realm of life. These are the fascinations of philosophers of the twentieth century.

Whats a Bad ACT Score

What's a Bad ACT Score SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips When it comes to your college applications, you probably aren’t too worried about your ACT scores- unless, that is, you think your scores will be too low. Don’t panic just yet! Like most things in life, ACT scores are all relative- there’s no such thing as a bad ACT score in a vacuum. In this post, I’ll talk about what it means to have a â€Å"bad† score in relation to the entire US, your general peer group, your prospective colleges, and (maybe most importantly) yourself. Before We Start, a Note on Percentiles Understanding percentile scores is an important part of understanding ACT scores. Before Italk about different types of bad scores, I'll briefly explain what percentile scores are and why you should care about them. A percentile score is different from a percent score, even though the two mathematical concepts are related. Essentially, a percent score would tell you what portion of the ACT exam you got correct; a percentile score, on the other hand, tells you how you did on the exam compared to everyone else who took it.For example,a percent score of 90% would mean you got 90% of the questions right, whereas a percentile score of 90 would mean you scored better than 90% of the students who took the exam. Percentiles are more meaningful than percents when we talk about ACT scores because what’s important is how you score when compared to other students. A percentage score in isolation doesn't tell you how well you performed on a test or how difficult it was. You can get a low percentage score on a test and still do very well in comparison to other students, earning a high percentile score- this is an example of the difference between percentages and percentiles. Low ACT Scores for the General US Population Let's just say we're starting big. We're starting with the biggest possible comparison group - understanding how you do in relation to all other people who take the ACT is the first step in understanding these unique exam scores. First, the basics: the ACT is scored out of a possible 36 points.A score of 36 is rare enough that when it happens, local newspapers sometimes write about it - just google the name of your town and "perfect ACT score." The national average composite score is 21 out of 36 points. The top 25% of scorers, or those who are at or above the 75th percentile, receive scores of 24 and up. The 75th percentile is a reasonable cutoff for what could be considered "excellent" scores. The bottom 25% of scorers, or those who are at or below the 25th percentile, receive scores of 16 and below.You may very well have your own ideas about what a reasonable â€Å"bad ACT† score cutoff should be. For the general population, scores of 16 and below (so, scores that are lower than those of 75% of the population) could reasonably be considered low. Here are some important percentile cutoffs and corresponding scores for quick reference: 10th percentile composite score →13-14 25th percentile composite score→16-17 50th percentile composite score→21 75th percentile composite score→24 90th percentile composite score→28 Low ACT Scores forYour Peer Group We're starting to get a bit more personal. Knowing what your peers and classmates tend to score on the ACT will give you a more sophisticated understanding of where, exactly, you stand. Comparing yourself to the rest of the country (with a wide range of backgrounds, educations, resources, opportunities, target schools, etc.) is less helpful than comparing yourself to people who are similar to you in important ways, like geography or education. Here's how to get information on what your peers score: Get your hands on your school report. This report will give you aggregated information on the score distribution for your particular high school. You may already know how to gain access to this. If you don't, try googling "[Your High School Name] ACT score report." This information will be particularly easy to find in states with mandatory testing. Check in with your guidance counselor. If you don't have access to a school report, your high school guidance counselor should have an idea of what low ACT scores will look like at your school. Ask your peers or classmates. As a last resort, you could ask around to see what other students are scoring. Just make sure to be respectful if your classmates don't want to discuss their scores. If you want to get an idea of a more competitive score range, check in with honors students at your school. Once you have this information, here's how to use it effectively: Consider how your peers' score distribution compares to national scores? Do students at your school tend to score higher or lower than you’d expect based on the national average? If your peers have scores that are higher/lower than the national average, you could adjust your idea of what a bad ACT score is accordingly. For example, if your school's average ACT scores are lower than those of the national average (21),a â€Å"bad† ACT score cutoff at 25th percentile might be unreasonably high. Conversely, if your school has very high ACT scores, your understanding of a bad ACT score should be higher than the national 25th percentile score (16). Low ACT Scores forYourTarget Colleges Ultimately, a low ACT score for a particular college is a score that won’t get you in. Schools don't tend to publish hard ACT score minimums, but they do offer information about the ACT scores of their students. We can use current students' scores to infer what scores colleges expect from applicants. If you know the 25th and 75th percentile scores for a particular school, you know what that school considers to be â€Å"low† and â€Å"excellent† ACT scores. If your scores (current or future) fall within that range, it’s likely a good target school for you. But what if you're at the edges of, our even outside of, that 25th-75th percentile range? If you're close to the bottom end of the range, it doesn't mean it's impossible for you to get into that school. Colleges may accept students with lower ACT scores for any number of reasons- they might consider students strong applicants if they have a high GPA or impressive community service experience. Colleges may also take into consideration if students' high schools underperform on standardized tests or if they're athletes or legacies. Regardless of the strength of the rest of your application, you could apply to a college with higher ACT scores as a reach school. In fact, most students who apply to colleges with extremely competitive ACT requirements consider them reach schools. If you're scoring close to or above the 75th percentile score for a particular school, chances are you'll have a strong application. If this is the case, you may consider this one of your safety schools. Make sure you're applying to schools with more competitive ACT scores as well- you don't want to miss out on a high-ranking school! Here's how you get information on what schools consider bad ACT scores (it's pretty easy!): Google â€Å"[school name] PrepScholar admissions requirements." Look on the page for the 25th and 75th percentile scores That’s it! You can even use the page’s built-in tool to estimate your chances of getting into that school Low ACT Scores for Yourself It's time for some good, old-fashioned self-reflection (although I don't think Barack is thinking about his ACT scores). All these other comparisons won’t do you much good if you don’t take unique personal factors into account when figuring out what counts as a bad ACT score.Achieving goal scores may come easier for some students than others.For someone who struggles with key concepts or with test-taking anxiety, going from the 40thto the60th percentile is no less an achievement than going from the 70thto the90th for someone who doesn’t struggle with these issues. Conversely, even a student with relatively high baseline scores has room for improvement and can bring her scores up even higher with adequate preparation. Pushing yourself on the ACT, even if your scores are already objectively good, can open up some amazing opportunities. So how do you figure out what a bad ACT score is for you personally? Get a baseline score. Study for about 10 hours for test familiarity and quick content gains, then take a full practice test. There will definitely be room for improvement after you take this baseline - consider this first real practice test a soft â€Å"bad ACT score† cutoff. Work to improve. Students usually reach a personal maximum score after 40-80 hours of studying. You can expect to improve 3-4 points from baseline, but it's definitely possible to improve your scores by a wider margin. Getting that much prep in will mean you are dedicating yourself to excellence by your own standards. How Do You Improve Low ACT Scores? Worried that you have low ACT scores when compared to your peers, your target schools, or your own score potential? Your plan of attack will depend on how much time you have to study. Get started by reading our guide onhow long you should study for the ACT.Don't have a lot of time? Read our last-minutetipsandstrategiesor our10-day study plan. Are you in it for the long haul?Read ourstudy schedulefor students who have one year or more to prepare. Next, work towards a concrete goal after making a list of target,reach, andsafetyschools. Get instructions on how to set a goal score in ourACT score guide. Are you dissatisfied with anything but perfection? Read our famous guide to getting a perfect ACT score. What's Next? At this point, you may be getting sick of reading about the ACTs. Maybe the SATs are more your style. If you're still deciding between the two tests, find out which one may be the better fit for you. You can also learn more about what counts as an "excellent" or "bad" SAT score. Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points?We have the industry's leading ACT prep program. Built by Harvard grads and ACT full scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so you get the most effective prep possible. Check out our 5-day free trial today:

Prostitution during the 18th and 19th century Essay Example

Prostitution during the 18th and 19th century Essay Example Prostitution during the 18th and 19th century Essay Prostitution during the 18th and 19th century Essay Prostitution became a important of London’s history during the 18th and nineteenth century. At the clip. harlotry was a chronic job of the public order. It became so large in London that it attracted the attending of many groups such as. the church. the province. the medical profession. altruists. womens rightists and others. ( Bartley. 1 ) All of these groups worked together in order to decide the job. even though at the clip harlotry was non illegal. However. it was an activity that many felt was socially unacceptable. Prostitution began because Britain was sing political and societal agitation during the Industrial Revolution. The industrial revolution brought up new societal groups. which had struggled to exercise themselves politically and culturally. ( Fisher. 29 ) During the 18th A ; 19th centuries London had many lacks in their legal system. which can explicate the openness of harlotry. A major factor of this job lays in the fact that about none of the Torahs under which cocottes were most normally arrested in the eighteenth century referred to their offense by name. Alternatively. cocottes were charged for go againsting Torahs. At the clip. Torahs of dark walking were put into the system. The chief aim was to implement a dawn-to-dusk curfew. so the constabulary could maintain the towns under close ticker. London decided that it was clip for to acquire involve and happen a solution before the metropolis went out of control. First of all. constabulary officers started by taking more action on the streets. Besides. they started patroling Disorderly houses. In add-on groups such as the Reformers. Commentators. Church and others. used their ain methods of deciding this job. Finally. how did the people of London feel towards harlotry and cocottes? The streets were going an insecure environment for the citizens of London. Prostitutes started busying the streets of London more often. Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries. the policing of London’s street girls were the duty of the constables. beadles. patrol. and watcher. Their responsibilities were to implement and keep public order. There was a general constabulary force consisting of upper and under Marshals. marshalmen. twenty-four hours and dark patrols and even particular forces for certain towns or countries such as the Smithfield country. Each metropolis had 26 Wards. which in bend produced their ain forces such as constables. beadles. and watchers. All of these work forces were able to implement the Torahs in the propinquity of the Ward. Figure 1 A ; 2. The constabulary force was to be responsible for incorporating street upset and debaring the danger from the uncontrolled and un-socialized categories. the constable function was to move as a domestic missionary. translating and interceding businessperson values in propertyless communities. ( Mahood. 120 ) In 1784. twenty-four hours patrol was introduced in Westminster. Nevertheless. before 1828 no parish anyplace in London had considered it either necessary or desirable to provide†¦ intensive daytime patrols. ( Henderson ( 1 ) . 191 ) During that clip all the resources devoted their clip to every night watch. as they believed it was more of a important period of the twenty-four hours for harlotry. Watchmans were the most intrusive in making their work. and besides reduced the importance of constables. A constable was normally in company with a beadle. whose responsibilities consisted of policing the streets of the parish every bit often as possible throughout the dark. ( Henderson ( 1 ) . 192 ) However. while on responsibility. they would alternatively pass most of their clip in a safer country around the ticker house. Furthermore. they would non even demo up sometimes for responsibility. Furthermore. the Watchman was ever expected to be on the streets from morning boulder clay twilight. It was really of import for the constabulary to unclutter up the streets. Solicitors and cocottes crowded the busy narrow streets of London. It was inevitable either group would come into struggles with other citizens. The public streets were countries where 1 could bask the position and sights of the beautiful metropolis. in add-on to being the chief passageways. for vehicles and walkers. However. to the cocottes the streets. and squares of London were a workplace. ( Henderson ( 1 ) . 198 ) Mr. William Logan was given the responsibility in 1843 to research and happen solutions of harlotry. He was an perceiver of many streets and whorehouse houses. and he stated several solutions towards harlotry. One of the solutions was the policing of the streets. He suggests. from eight to ten o’clock at dark. to bear in head those who are employed to carry on the eventide correspondence and transport it safely. ( Logan. 40 ) Therefore. that offense should. be traced to its beginning every bit accurate as possible. and a system of bar must be introduced. ( Asylums1817. 10 ) Police forces had many jobs in piecing together and during the late 1840’s a one-fourth of the Edinburgh constabularies force was dismissed yearly for misconduct and 63 per centum were recorded as rummy on responsibility. ( Mahood. 120 ) Patroling Disorderly house was another solution London brought about to extinguish harlotry. Disorderly and Bawdy houses were controlled. like street-walking. because of their menace to the well being of the society. They were the causes of eternal mischievousness. and tended straight to the overthrow of Men’s organic structures. to the cachexia of their Supports. and to the endangering of their psyches. ( Henderson ( 1 ) . 253 ) The general society saw these houses as a topographic point without ethical motives or spiritual rules. and instead a topographic point of corruptness. They were besides concerned that the people that worked in the houses were being funded through fraud and robbery. Figure 3. Select Police Committee members in 1816 and 1817 showed great concern of the spread of these cheap licensed houses. They were catered merely for stealers and cocottes. The Committee introduced a licence for selling alcoholic drinks. where if the house did non pattern the Torahs. their intoxicant licence would be removed. The Justices of the Peace had the primary duty. to allow these licences. This process began in 1729 and it still in consequence today. Before 1729. it was possible to acquire a licence from the Stamp Office. which was a pattern that helped maintain open the Disorderly Houses. In 1743. the Gin Act was introduced. and in 1751 confirmed and. forbade any but tavern. victualling house. hostel. java house. or alehouse keepers to keep a licence to sell spiritous spiritss. ( Henderson ( 1 ) . 257 ) When it came clip to regenerate licences. the constable of each Ward or parish was to show to the magistrates a list of those houses necessitating a reclamation of their licence. After that. each Constable would be placed under curse and questioned about the behavior of the house in his territory. every bit good as if any neighbours had made any ailments. ( Henderson ( 1 ) . 258 ) Even though the Constable had spoken good of the house or non. any individual that was present was able to province their expostulations towards the issue. Representatives of the parish or ward raised most of the expostulations. and in some instances there would be the presence of the neighbours. In 1752. London passed the Disorderly House Act. This act encouraged people to turn in the houses and proprietors into the constabulary. If the information led to a charge. the informant would have ?20. The houses where divided into three different categories: First. Second. and Third. Figure 4. Affluent merchandisers. military officers. and those in the higher circle of society normally visited the First category houses. The Second category houses were largely intended for business communities. and blue-collar people. Finally. the Third category houses were for the non so affluent citizens. As a consequence of the close monitoring of these houses and spirits licences. the sum of Disorderly houses dropped. by the terminal of the nineteenth century. Other major groups besides the constabulary wanted to acquire involved to set a halt to harlotry. These groups consisted of Parish commissions. Reformers. and Philanthropist. They all contributed in different ways. The Church helped out the constabulary by engaging watchers. for the country that surrounds them. In 1796. St. James parish in Westminster was using 64 watchers. six beadles and two inspectors every bit good as its organic structure of constables. ( Henderson ( 1 ) . 192 ) Even the smaller parishes helped out and had larger Numberss of people working. This was all possible because in Westminster from 1753. on. a series of Watch Acts where introduced. These Acts of the Apostless gave single parishes. or to the City and Liberty as a whole. the right and responsibility to set up a parochial ticker. under the general supervising of the Middlesex Watch Justices of the Peace. ( Henderson ( 1 ) . 190 ) Besides the churches forbade adult females that were working as cocottes of any spiritual rights. If they were still making the trade until they died. they would non have proper burial rights. The Church besides made its ain tribunal and was responsible for keeping acceptable criterions of Christian behaviour. ( Henderson ( 2 ) . 81 ) Reformers believed that cocottes were victims of upper category work forces who seduced them. However. they besides believed that harlotry was the result of personal moral failing. and hence blamed adult females for harlotry. ( Bartley. 5 ) Moral reformists demanded that the constabulary be granted the authorization to control soliciting and whorehouse maintaining. ( Mahood. 121 ) The Reformers believed the lone manner to extinguish harlotry was to acquire rid of cocottes. In bend. they started and founded a assortment of establishments. such as big penitentiaries. refuges. and even little places. These centres were used as topographic points of rehabilitation. Figure 5. These establishment centres were located within most big metropoliss and towns. In 1758. in Whitechapel. London the Reform opened up The Magdalen Hospital. It was a great success and therefore led to the gap of more establishments. The Church tried non to link all establishments with a spiritual facet. like Lock Hospitals with lock wards. This sort of establishment dealt more with single females and tried to handle them for venereal diseases. Figure 5. By the terminal of the nineteenth century. a particular group was formed. National Union of Women’s Worker ( NUWW ) . whose members met one time a twelvemonth to discourse schemes and to compare patterns. ( Bartley. 26 ) Each establishment had its ain managerial system ; the upper and in-between category managed most of them. There were three chief methods of pull offing a reform establishment: some were managed by work forces who employed female workers as matrons and laundry workers ; some where managed jointly by work forces and adult females ; some were managed by adult females merely. ( Bartley. 27 ) Reform Institutions had great success. Which resulted in a diminution in harlotry. Furthermore. a mixture of clergy and laypersons and adult females ran establishments that were set up by the Church of England. Philanthropists saw harlotry as a job because of its negative consequence on the population. They excessively enforced establishment and ran them similar to the Reform. The bulk of the people in London did non hold with harlotry. nor did they understand it. Peoples of London felt that harlotry was impacting the Modernity of London. Prostitutes disordered the province and threatened the imperium. ( Ogborn. 47 ) Peoples felt that childs that are surrounded by cocottes. particularly male childs would non turn up to be healthy. and productive work forces because cocottes were merely distributing ruin. disease. and decease. Prostitution was an intervention of societal dealingss and the geographicss that surrounded them. which created new relationships and new infinites. It besides was responsible for overthrowing the dealingss of the populace sphere ; even the hierarchies and equalities of the populace sphere were being affected. They besides felt that harlotry caused the ruin of households. Prostitutes were looked upon as evil people. and were treated as though they were infected with the pestilence. They were public nuisances as one tradesman describes. The activities of cocottes and their toughs along Fleet street and Ludgate Hill adversely affected their concern. ( Henderson ( 1 ) . 195 ) It besides became difficult for all the adult females in the town. for they were besides treated like cocottes. For illustration if a adult female were walking on the streets merely after twilight. she would be harassed and insulted. On the other manus. people believed that work forces who engaged with cocottes were non at mistake because of the enticement the adult females give off the male passerby. In 1864. the Contagious Disease Act ( CD Acts ) was passed. It was meant to do paid sex safer for people. particularly those in the armed forces. This act was passed because. at the clip in the Army and Navy. many work forces had contracted genital diseases. So. the authorities enforced that all adult females that were practising harlotry must be inspected. Police were given the authorization to collar any adult female that was suspected of practising harlotry. and do her undergo an internal scrutiny at a Certified Hospital. If a disease were found she would be detained until the disease was cured. Reformers felt that it was just to state that Prostitution helped spaced out the wealth of work forces. because there would be different subdivisions in the community. In one country you would hold work forces that were good away and in another country work forces that were non good off. William Logan describes the misss that he observed were hapless and guiltless kids that were invariably being abused by their protagonists. ( Logan. 26 ) It is clear that prostitutes played a really of import function during the 18th and 19th centuries. which were modernity times of London. Consequently. it was non a good function. Prostitution affected the development and growing of the metropolis. As a consequence. the metropolis had to set a halt to the Acts of the Apostless and began by patroling the streets. They tried to command the narrow overcrowded streets to do them a safer topographic point for other persons. Second. they tried to command Disorderly houses. They achieved this by engaging inspectors and constables to watch the houses. and even enforced Liquor Licenses. Furthermore. groups such as the Church and Reformers had their ain techniques to halt harlotry. Both groups built a series of establishments that were treated as rehab centres. Ultimately. citizens of London had their ain position and apprehension of harlotry. Most felt that it was the ruin of London. and it was impacting the modernisation of the metropolis. particularly refering the societal dealingss and the geographicss that went along with them. Others felt sorrow for these immature misss ; they believed they were victims of upper-class work forces. Although harlotry still exists today. its development in the 18th and 19th centuries will be a important portion of London’s history forever. Work Cited Bartley. Puala. Prostitution: Prevention and Reform in England. London: Routledge. 2000. Fisher. Trevor. Prostitution and the Victorians. New York: Sutton. 1997. ( 1 ) Henderson. Anthony. Female Prostitution in London 1730-1830. London: University of London. 1992. ( 2 ) Henderson. Tony. Disorderly Women in the eighteenth Century London. New York: Longman. 1999. Logan. William. Female Prostitution in London. Leeds. and Rochdale. London: Personal Observation. 1843. Mahood. Linda. The Magdalenes: Prostitution in the nineteenth Century. London: Routledge. 1990. Ogborn. Miles. Spaces of Modernity. New York: Guilford Press. 1998. Report of the Committee of the Guardian Society for the saving of public ethical motives. supplying impermanent Refuges for Prostitutes. Dec. 1815. Report of the Committee of the Guardian Society for the saving of public ethical motives. supplying impermanent Refuges for Prostitutes. Oct. 1817.

Any American Reform Movements since 1877 Term Paper

Any American Reform Movements since 1877 - Term Paper Example Progressives used wealth and intellectual arguments to garner political influence. By 1910, progressives had enough political influence to sway major legal amendments and enact their progressivist ideas into law. However, progressivism received a lot of criticism because of its impacts on government, society, and especially the economy. The following paper critically analyses the progressivism reform movement as a controversial issue in United States history. Many Americans shared a series of beliefs about the motive of government, its organization, and policies briefly following the civil war. This consensus was shaped by the principles of the founding fathers.1 However, a new orientation slowly started to replace this early one between 1877 and 1920.2 The new orientation, progressivism, became more and more widespread and extreme through its conversion into modern liberalism. The progressives did not have a definite explanation for their identity. The progressives lacked a political party and instead included a number of them. These parties supported diverse representative and workplace reforms that frequently discriminated against minorities or just demeaned them. Founders of the progressive reform movement argued that God created human beings equally and gave them absolute rights.3 As a result, all human beings had to abide by the natural law that gives all men rights and responsibilities. Latter progressives like John Dewey rejected the founders’ idea of natural law and equality stating it is naà ¯ve and unhistorical as God did not create all men free4. Gradually, Dewey and other latter progressives deduced there are no permanent criteria of rights.5 The motive of government was not as important as a man’s existence and independence for the founders of the progressive reform movement. Dewey later argued against this motive of government by stating that the government is obliged to form institutes that

Quantative reasoning Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Quantative reasoning - Speech or Presentation Example This implies that half of the people of this group have a manual dexterity of over 79.5 and the other half of the employees have a manual dexterity of over 79.5. To calculate the standard deviation of Group A, firstly the difference of the values and the mean is calculated, after which these numbers are squared. The total of the squares are then calculated and then divided by the number of values to provide the Variance. The last step is to take the square root of the variance. This provides the standard deviation for the group. The Standard deviation along with the Mean, give the image of Group A to be a better option, whereas combining the Standard deviation and the median, Group B proves to be a better option. Thus these measures alone cannot be considered to make the choice. Other measures are to be kept in mind as well before making a decision by the company. Thus more data and analysis is required for this decision. 2. From the information that has been provided the Mean has been calculated to be 7.55 calls. For the mode however there are two possible answers, 4 as well as 8. This is because they are repeated the most number of times. However, 8 will be chosen as the Mode in this case as it is closer to the mean that has been calculated. The Median for in this case has been calculated to be 7. These numbers are quite accurate and are as expected. These values are all quite accurate, however the median can be considered as the most accurate measure. The Standard Deviation in this case has been calculated as 4.421255. This implies that the number of calls can be 4.421255 Â ­above or below the calculated mean. This deviation is considered to be good as the deviation is not very high and allows a clearer view of the number of calls the company can