Review an article Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Review an article - Assignment Example 1.3 Aim/ Objectives The article has two objectives: a) to show ‘the economic links between UK and the rest of EU’ (Oxford Economics 2009, p.10). Identifying these ties could help to understand the criteria under which the economic integration in EU could be effectively supported (Oxford Economics 2009, p.6); b) ‘to quantify these ties’ (Oxford Economics 2009, p.10). 1.4 Theory Discussed in Literature The main body of the article has been divided into eight parts. In the first of these parts, the key aspects and the potential benefits of EU membership and economic integration are presented. The rest six sections refer to six economic links between UK and EU. It is only in the first section of the study’s main body, i.e. in the part presenting the elements and benefits of EU membership and economic integration where relevant theory is used. Still, in the above section no reference is made to literature, on which the theory presented is based. From this point of view, the actual value of the theory incorporated in this section could be considered as limited, in regard to its contribution in the study. All other sections are based on statistics and relevant data for showing the aspects of the relationship between UK and EU in terms of economics. This strategy of the authors can be considered as rather justified if taking into consideration the nature of the study, which is an economic report. It should be noted that in each section a description of the key aspects of the theme discussed is provided; then, the theme is analyzed using appropriate statistics and figure, as explained in section 1.5 below. In regard to the article’s introductory section, the following issue should be highlighted: the specific section does not include theory, a practice often used in scholarly articles; it just refers to the historical development of EU, aiming to show the steps through which EU has reached its current size. 1.5 Methodology The eco nomic links between UK and EU have been categorized using the following parameters: ‘trade, labour force, tourism, FDI, portfolio investments and banking linkages’ (Oxford Economics 2009, p.6). At the next level, the article has been divided into eight sections, based on the following strategy: after presenting the article’s key issues and findings, in the Executive Summary part of the paper (p.6-9), the Introduction is used for explaining clearly the article’s objectives, for showing the article’s structure and for presenting a brief overview of EU’s history (p.10-11). Then, the main body of the paper is divided into seven sections, each of which shows the figures and statistics related to a particular economic link between UK and EU, as these links were presented above. The first of these sections refers to EU membership and economic integration, as part of EU membership. In this section, theory is used for supporting empirical evidence, in opposition with the other chapters that are based only on statistics and figures; the limitations of the theory used in this section have been analyzed in section 1.4. The rest six sections of the study have been structured as follows: in the beginning of each section an overview of the section’s key findings, something like a conclusion of the

Btec Sport - Health Saftey and Injury Essay Example for Free

Btec Sport Health Saftey and Injury Essay Objective:- * To recognise and understand different types of injuries Types of injuries:- * Muscle strains tears, pulls and ruptures These are caused by vigorous stretching of a muscle or tendon. In is of regular occurrence in the hamstring and calf muscles when there is failure to warm up correctly before sport. The Achilles tendon of the calf can tear completely this causes sever pain. Tear is where the muscle has been torn, Pull is where the muscle has been stretched and a Rupture is where the muscle completely breaks. We will know when we have pulled torn or strained because there will severe pain and there will be difficulty when trying to use the muscle. There may also be swelling and later on bruising. * Fractured Bones (broken) A fracture is wear the bone cracks or completely snaps. Breaking bones is painful due to the amount of blood vessels and nerves in the bones. Fractures can be categorized in two ways. A Simple Fracture This is just where the bone cracks. A Compound Fracture This is where the bone sticks out of the skin. There is often tenderness around the bone making it hard to use and it will most certainly swell causing it to look deformed. * Joint dislocation Dislocation is where the bone is pulled out of its original joint. It is caused by stressing the bone, commonly by violent twisting. It usually happens at all major joints such as Shoulder, finger, thumb, elbow and ankles. The bone will be surrounded by swelling and covered in bruises and will be tender to touch. * Sprained Ligaments (over stretched ligaments) A sprain happens when a ligament or joint get overstretched and torn. Sprains occur when twisting your foot while running or other similar accidents. The sprain should be treated as a fracture if the ligament is torn because it is a lot more severe. The area of damage while be very sore and will hurt to move it or use it * Tendonitis Tendonitis is caused by overuse of the tendons, frequently in the lower arm in the lower arm; they then become inflamed and sore/painful. This is common with sports such as tennis and golf where the tendon in the elbow is under constant use. The elbow will be very sore and it becomes almost impossible to use without difficulty. Swelling will be visible surrounding the injured tendon. * Concussion Concussion is the result of injuring your brain from taking a lot of impact to the head such as being head butted or banging your head on a hard surface, these cause the brain to rattle around the skull. Concussion is often related with unconsciousness which often follows a serious head injury. In most cases the patient will become dizzy or drowsy and become confused. In major cases there may even be memory loss. * Graze, Cuts, Burns and Bruises These are caused by falling or scraping in a sporting event. They are usually painful but not very threatening and classed as minor. However some cuts can be very deep and would require urgent attention. Bruises will be painful but will not cause any permanent or long term damage. We will be able to recognise bruises by seeing discolouration of the skin and tenderness in that area. * Spinal Injury This is an injury to the spinal column. The spinal column contains nerves and ligaments and plays a major role in our body so when damaged by impact or strain it can be potentially dangerous to move without causing further permanent damage such as paralysis. This occurs after incidents such as car crashes and falls. You will be able to tell if u have damaged your spinal cord because it will be difficult to move and will cause a lot of pain. Objective:- * To recognise illnesses/conditions that can affect sports performance * To discover the causes of injury Types of Illnesses:- * Viral Infections/Diseases Chest Infections, Colds, Flu, Sickness etc. People suffering from viral infections will often have a high temperature, be suffering from pains in the muscles making them feel weak. If someone has a viral infection such as a cold they will probably suffer with a blocked nose, fever, sore throat and frequent coughing. Viral infections cannot be cured using antibiotics, however there are products available to help relive the symptoms. * Asthma This makes a persons airways constrict making breathing difficult. Constriction is normally triggered by certain events such as allergies and temperature change. People having and asthma attack will suffer with symptoms such as a tight chest, also they may start wheezing and be short of breath. This can be relived temporarily by using steroid sprays, one to open the airways when they feel they need it and one that should be taken daily to avoid having attacks later in the day. * Hypothermia This is where the bodys temperature drops below the normal temperature (around 36 degrees Celsius). The symptoms are usually tiredness, slurred speech and loss of coordination. In some extremities the colour and feeling can be lost in the hands and feet as the blood is being diverted away to keep the brain and heart working properly. People will generally feel better when they return to a warm environment as this will encourage the body to return to normal. Hypothermia is common with people such as mountain climber who are often exposed to cold environments for long periods of time. * Hyperthermia This is caused by exposure to high temperatures, such as being in the sun/high temperatures for long periods of time. The results of hyperthermia are that the person will be left exhausted. Headaches, tiredness and thirst are also associated. To relive these symptoms the person should drink lots of fluids, while exercising and when recovering. If the person becomes to hot they could potentially become unconscious then they would require the need of being put on a drip. * Hypoglycaemia Hypoglycaemia is caused by having low levels of glucose in the blood so enough isnt reaching the vita places e.g. the brain. It is commonly associated with people who have type 1 diabetes. Not enough food, too much exercise, consuming too much alcohol and having too much insulin in the blood all contribute to causing hypoglycaemia. The symptoms of hypoglycaemia are confusion, shaking, paleness, hunger and in some extreme cases, unconsciousness. Eating food rich in carbohydrates can reverse these effects quite quickly The Main Causes of Injury Internally Caused * Overuse Injuries * Sudden Injuries Externally Caused * Impact Injuries * Foul Play Injuries * Equipment Injuries * Accidental Injuries Internally Caused Injuries Direct result of the performer, no other person or factor is involved Overuse Injuries (Tennis/Golfers Elbow, Shin Splints etc.) These are caused by over training and over competing. Sudden Injuries These tend to be caused instantly because of over stretching, twisting and turning. They are commonly acknowledged with tiredness and fatigue and normally occur late on in a match. Also doing something too difficult can result in a sudden injury. Externally Caused Injuries Caused by someone or something other than yourself Impact Injury This is and injury from being hit or hitting something. These are often the result of things like:- * An Opponent * Equipment * Playing Surface * Playing Conditions Foul Play Injuries These are normally the result of another player breaking the rules and regulations of the game. They may be unaware of the rules or may be doing it intentionally to harm. Accidental Injuries Different activities have different levels and risk and higher elements of danger. For example Footballers are less likely to gain an injury than someone playing rugby due to it being more physical. Equipment Injuries Old or unchecked/faulty equipment can result in these injuries. Equipment must be frequently maintained to avoid these occurring. These can be as simple as blisters from overuse or in the most extreme cases, even death. Prevention of Injuries * Warm up; loosen muscles for prevention of pulling muscles. * Wear the correct equipment (shin pads), wear them correctly to ensure safeness. * Know and follow the rules of the game to be able to play fair, include using officials to keep the activity under control, this way players are less likely to get injured * Check all equipment is safe and in good condition to ensure faulty equipment cant injure you. * Dont over compete (not doing too much exorcise) * Weather conditions- make sure the conditions are safe (not slippery, stormy etc.) 1. Preparation Before playing or participating in any sport it is vital that you train to your age and you personal fitness. Also a good knowledge and understanding of the sport you will be participating in will also reduce the amount of injuries, a good respect for the rules and regulations of the game will reduce the injuries. A warm up and warm down is essential to help reduce the amount of injuries in the game. Consider having long hair, long nails, jewellery and also the types of clothing you wear could also give you an injury. 2. Participation By according to the rules could prevent an injury, by using reckless tackles and reckless play can injure you and the opposing player. Officials have got to be consistent and fair in their decisions for the game to be fair and this could prevent someone from being injured, players must accept these decisions given by the officials. 3. Equipment For the sport which you are participating in you need to be using the specialist equipment for that specific sport and has to be in good condition, such as shin pads for football, these have to be worn. All equipment has to be in top condition because if this equipment isnt safe and fails you could be seriously injured such as rock climbing etc. 4. Environment The area which the sport is being taken on has to be checked over for litter and unsafe objects. It has to be safe and appropriate. Also you have to check the weather conditions as this could lead the sport being potentially dangerous such as storms and windy weather. Risk Assessment 1. You are about to conduct a badminton coaching session in the sports all. * Make sure that none of the equipment is faulty. E.g. rackets have sufficient grip, nets secured correctly. * Make sure that there is no wet floor * Make sure there is no obstructions in the way of the courts 2. You are taking a year 7 group onto the field for football. * Make sure that everyone is wearing the correct protective equipment. (e.g. shin pads) * Make sure that there are no obstacles on the pitch or area where football will be played * Make sure the weather conditions are suitable for playing * Make sure that the pitch is suitable to play on by making sure its not icy or waterlogged Potential risk of playing- 1. Badminton * Fire * Falls * Foul play * Asthma attack * Hyperthermia * Slips * Lack of communication that could result in injury * Sensible behaviour * Know how to set up safe equipment 2. Football * Falls * Foul play * Asthma attack * Hyperthermia * Spinal Injury * Broken bones * Concussion * Weather conditions * Lack of communication that could result in injury * Sensible behaviour * Potholes * All spare equipment is out of the way * Posts are secured

Postpartum Depression and Analysis of Treatments and Health Determinant

The objective of this paper is to develop a thorough understanding of treatments available for mothers with postpartum depression and formulate a research question that can provide for future direction. Postpartum depression is universally recognized as a serious condition affecting 10-15% of women within a year of birth (O’Hara & Swain, 1992). The high prevalence of postpartum depression among mothers makes this an issue worth exploring the type of treatments available. A set of physical and psychological symptoms are associated with this condition that greatly increase the detriment of postpartum depression. These symptoms can be ranked on several designed scales by health care professionals. It is important to understand that even with a high prevalence rate of postpartum depression among women many cases go untreated. (Buist, Barnett, Milgrom, Pope, Condon, Ellwood, Boyce, Austin & Hayes, 2002). An analysis of five studies will introduce the available treatments and the possibility that social support in combination with personal physical maintenance maybe the best treatment for women with minor or moderate postpartum depression. In the first study Gjerdingen (2002) investigates the various treatments but particularly the pharmacological treatments. Gjerdingen (2002) stresses the importance of administered treatment based on severity of diagnosis, such that healthcare professionals appropriately identify the state of wellbeing of the patient and appropriately respond. As presented in the article, the US Preventive Services Task Force strongly recommends screening for depression to be done through clinical services that have systems insuring proper diagnosis and appropriate interventions. Gjerdingen (2002... ...eme will also be covered in the remainder of the studies and will be used when formulating the final research question. In trying to determine the efficacy of cognitive behavioural therapy and counselling Milgrom, Negri, Gemmill, McNeil, Martin (2005) discuss the influence of the health care system questioning the efficiency and accuracy of transferable skills. It was determined that personal counselling was easier for professions to obtain the skills versus group CBT. This raises the question will transferability of skills among health care professionals affect the completion and result of treatment? In addition, many intervention studies are lacking formal clinical diagnosis and validated clinical measures of depressive symptoms. As a result this makes the replication of studies difficult and therefore the correct transferability of skills would be lacking.

Urban Ministry: the Kingdom of God Response

From the section â€Å"Did I really say that? †: â€Å"Tell us you made it, Zack. Be our example of a rich man who broke free from the grasp of greed. Tell us you won the struggle with mammon and abandoned yourself to the Christ who touched you. Tell us, Zack, that we can be liberated from the power of privilege. † This paragraph is really powerful to me. Even though compared to some people like celebrities and such, we may not seem so rich, but overall, we live a life of abundance. We are constantly striving to achieve more in life too, like what we have is never enough. And for the most part, the things we strive for really don’t benefit us spiritually. When you think about it, having really nice jobs leads to more money, which eventually turns into greed and brings out the worst in most people. I really like the statement and thoughts the author says above. If we are too busy being chained down to our jobs and money and social status, we can never truly focus on what truly is important. From â€Å"Kingdom Playgrounds†: One of my favorite verses is â€Å"Truly I say to you, unless you turn and become like children, you will never enter the Kingdom of Heaven† (Matthew 18:3). It sounds like a simple thing to do-to act like children-but it really isn’t. We are so corrupted today, that it sometimes sounds silly to go back to acting like children. Children are innocent and care free about the ridiculous things that adults worry about. And if you go back to being innocent and care free, then you can really see the little things that children see, and really appreciate those things. Love isn’t seen as a complexity as it is to adults; children love everyone. They see past the negative in others and see only the positive.

Political Culture Essay

The single greatest contributor to the way American Politics plays out both within and outside of our borders today is in our rich and long-lasting political culture that defines they way we look as the world and how to respond to it. Shaped by values, history, current events, and emotional commitments that our populace collectively shares, political culture in the United States determines the way government functions and reveals the intricacies of our collective way of life in a way nothing else can. Throughout our nation’s history there have been three different types of political culture proposed by three different authors as stated below. The first model of conceptualized liberty is a tradition of longstanding liberalism maintained by Myrdal in Wilson’s American Politics. Claiming that American’s naturally crave their individual rights and want their liberty to constitute freedom within the law to do whatever they want as their own person, he states we are a self concerning people with central regard for our own lives independent of the rest of the nation. This style of political culture emerged the greatest during the 60s when individualists like hippies and protestors came out against the large Model II type government that strove to provide and manage the people in the overbearing sense it did. Today’s culture draws strong parallels to liberalism as well, with most Americans concerned for their own rights first. An example of this is the dog laws imposed in New York where dogs cannot be off a leash or make excessive noise in Central Park that distracts other people. Some people feel they are having their right to quiet and safety violated by these dogs and the laws behind them, while others maintain it is their right to have dogs and be able to run them freely. The second claim is of political culture is the one that was created in the grand scheme by the founding fathers and proposed by Hartz. This perception of liberty claims that there is a collectivist notion of unity among the people that promotes the general welfare of the nation as a whole and not just based on individual rights. First established by puritan settlers who wanted to build a â€Å"city on a hill† with a strong central purpose and unity among its citizens, the concept of a strong government that united the people in one common goal to achieve the greater good became known as republicanism. This concept of liberty is alive today as the populace stands united against the global threat of terrorism that threatens all American’s equally. To protect each other and nation as a whole American’s look to the greater good beyond their personal rights to sustain the nation’s security. An example is in people’s ability to forego some of their individual rights in the patriot act or at airports to give up some privacy to keep them safe from terrorists in order to maintain the greater good of the nation. The third perception of liberty is proposed by Roger M. Smith who states that America is traditionally hierarchical and is driven by social and economic classes that preside over others. This concept has been prevalent for hundreds of years in times of slavery and civil unrest when African Americans and other surges of immigrants were oppressed and looked upon as outsiders by the White Anglo-Saxon Protestants that formed the backbone of the nation. While civil rights have been passed to make the nation equal for all, Smith argues an underlying factor of racism and inequality among minorities still lingers in the heart of America. An example of this is the Duke Lacrosse Scandal where three elite white males were charged in the rape of a black woman and media frenzy that ensued around it. Claiming that the white males thought themselves superior and able to escape consequences for crimes against minorities, African American leaders such as Al Sharpton and Jesse Jackson came out in force to lead rallies for their prosecution. Another parallel is Hurricane Katrina and the thousand of black residents displaced by it in 2005. Most of the 9th district of New Orleans was destroyed by the storm because it sat unprotected and vulnerable and to this day it remains in shambles with little done to improve the area. Smith would argue this is because of the racial and economic hierarchy that differentiates the poor African American residents of the area from the white controlling politians with the power to do anything about it. While all these three conceptions of liberty are prevalent and present in today’s political culture, the structure of our government and the speed with which the world changes does not allow any one style to dominate the rest. Americans live off and pride themselves on their civil individual rights while at the same time unifying collectively to stand as one against outside threats like terrorism. There is some hierarchical dissonance that remains in the actions of many government officials and elite pockets of society separated from citizens of different economic standing and ethnicity, but after the civil rights laws were passed the vast majority of these problems have been removed. This leaves the United States with a balanced and ever changing political culture that hinges back and forth between the three conceptions of liberty.

Free Essays on Autoparts Sales & Inventory Management Data Model

Abstract / Introduction: The selling of automotive aftermarket replacement parts is both a retail enterprise selling to consumers and a wholesale operation selling parts to repair shops and other resellers. In consideration of the diverse customer base, this data model will be developed so that sales of auto parts either retail or wholesale can be recorded and tracked electronically. In addition, stock inventory levels will be monitored electronically with this model and an automated stock replenishment mechanism implemented. Due to time constraints this model will be a stripped down version only pertaining to the sales and inventory functions. The current design does allow for further development and the addition of other components. Since the heart of an auto parts store is in its inventory of parts we will begin with an explanation of how the inventory is managed. By the use of the MinQuantity field in the Inventory table the system will be able to indicate a low stock level once the quantity in stock is equal to or less than the minimum quantity specified by the MinQuantity attribute. At this point a View for Inventory can be generated to display inventory items whose quantity levels are below their specified minimum. This Reorder_View can be used by the system to generate purchase orders to vendors whose contact data and address are stored in the table named ‘Vendor’. Just as the Inventory table contains all the attributes for any given part the Vendor tabled does the same for all vendors. To complete the description of the model that will be created we will now discuss the sales tracking process. Once a sale is made, a record of that sale is recorded in the Daily_Sales table. A transaction number to be associated with this sale will be generated then used as part of the identifier for this sale. The store number and part number are also part of this unique identifier. From this record a sales invoice/r... Free Essays on Autoparts Sales & Inventory Management Data Model Free Essays on Autoparts Sales & Inventory Management Data Model Abstract / Introduction: The selling of automotive aftermarket replacement parts is both a retail enterprise selling to consumers and a wholesale operation selling parts to repair shops and other resellers. In consideration of the diverse customer base, this data model will be developed so that sales of auto parts either retail or wholesale can be recorded and tracked electronically. In addition, stock inventory levels will be monitored electronically with this model and an automated stock replenishment mechanism implemented. Due to time constraints this model will be a stripped down version only pertaining to the sales and inventory functions. The current design does allow for further development and the addition of other components. Since the heart of an auto parts store is in its inventory of parts we will begin with an explanation of how the inventory is managed. By the use of the MinQuantity field in the Inventory table the system will be able to indicate a low stock level once the quantity in stock is equal to or less than the minimum quantity specified by the MinQuantity attribute. At this point a View for Inventory can be generated to display inventory items whose quantity levels are below their specified minimum. This Reorder_View can be used by the system to generate purchase orders to vendors whose contact data and address are stored in the table named ‘Vendor’. Just as the Inventory table contains all the attributes for any given part the Vendor tabled does the same for all vendors. To complete the description of the model that will be created we will now discuss the sales tracking process. Once a sale is made, a record of that sale is recorded in the Daily_Sales table. A transaction number to be associated with this sale will be generated then used as part of the identifier for this sale. The store number and part number are also part of this unique identifier. From this record a sales invoice/r...

Kurdish Nationalism versus Turkish Nationalism

Kurdish Nationalism versus Turkish Nationalism Free Online Research Papers According to Sumerian inscriptions of 2000B.C and Assyrian inscriptions, Kardaka, Kurtie or Guti in the neighborhood of Lake Van are the ancestors of modern Kurds. The first the modern name of ‘Kurd† was seen in Arabic writings of ninth century A.D with the plural from of ‘Akad’. Kurdish territory had been invaded by different civilizations like Caucasian, pre-Iranian and around 700 B.C Iranian elements were effective, and Kurds had been in struggle with them to protect their territorial unity. â€Å"The modern Kurds are therefore descendants of several ancient peoples, mainly Iranian. They include Caucasian strains in the north and some Semitic strains in the south. They are, however, bound together, by a purely Kurdish influence which probably derives from the original mountain tribes which have inhabited these regions from earliest times† (The Kurdish Question, W.G Elphinston, International Affairs(royal of International affairs 1994-), Vol.22,No.1(Jan,1946), Pg.92). In the seventh century, by the influence of the Islam in the southern part of Kurdish Mountains, Kurdish families began following their ancestry to early Arab heroes. They began working in the Arab armies as levies during Omayyad and Abbasid Caliphates terms. Until Kurdistan was a big conflict between the Turks and the Safavi dynasty of Iran, it had been ruled by different dynasties, Hassanawaih, during 959 to 979 A.D, Khorremabad and Sarmaj. Before the invasion of the Seljuk Turks, Diyarbakir and Urfa were ruled by Marwanids. However, without any sovereigns but different group of dynasties were not able to sustain Kurdish unity and Western part of Kurdistan became part of the Ottoman Empire and Eastern part became part of Iran. According to Adam Smith, there is two different ways of nationhood which take their origins from ethnie or ethnic community. According to him, Human beings have multiple identities. Thus, in prehistoric areas, the family, clan and settlement competed for their loyalty. He defines ethnie â€Å"communities that not only share certain myths of origin and descent, the association with a certain territory and at least some common elements of culture, but also a sense of solidarity among (most of) their members.† (The Kurds, Pg.32). This explanation shows the difference between ethnic category, people share common culture and a myth but lack of solidarity, and ethnic community. Nation is the place which every feature assembles; public culture and a certain political and economical integration. He does not believe that culture is constructed or given and fixed. He does believe that culture â€Å"whole set of representations and principles that consciously organize the various aspec ts of social life, a set of norms, positive and negative, and the values attached to these ways of acting and thinking† (The Kurds, Pg.81). He examines ethnie in two groups; lateral-aristocratic ethnie, â€Å"whose members constitute a military-aristocratic stratum, which has little social depth but may be widely extended in geographical space.† (The Kurds, Pg.33) , and vertical- demotic type; â€Å"different social strata share in (more or less) the same culture and are held together by a belief in common origins and a strong commitment to a common religion† (The Kurds, Pg.33). If there is a cultural integration between different communities that they dominate, lateral aristocratic ethnies can grow. On the other hand, for vertical one, there should be a process that integration is created by nationalist intelligentsia. Reinvention of ethnic past and claim of sacred ties to a homeland can appear in the earlier nation states but also it can be inside and against them. To accept the other individuals’ ethnic identity means that being aware of their different but common language and following similar cultures and princinbles. However, this reorganization will not prevent the war because ethnicity does not provide certain kind of guarantee to territorial access or material wealth. Certain kinds of marriages do not either. â€Å"It is the individual’s membership in a local solidarity group, tribe, clan or household that will, up to a point, ensure that s/he has access to these three advantages† (The Kurds, Pg.87). Dominant ethnie or religion group or tribe is the head of the state or has the power of the state. Thus, being a member of a common ethnie also means that classifying in higher or lower positions according to their ethnicity and tribal membership in the bureaucratic hierarchy of the state. According to Fredrik Barth, people feel that have to belong to some ethnie because the sense of the security and stability in their boundaries. They have always wanted to maintain their order, in order to build, negotiate and reproduce its self-identity. Thus, â€Å"ethnicity results from the constantly renewed codification of cultural differences between neighboring groups† (The Kurds, Pg.82). Therefore, different cultures create different ethnic boundaries. On the other hand, for modernist, ethnic groupings are flexible. It can be constructed, adopted, or rejected according to will. Individuals can have two different identities. Their identity does not depend on where they were born, but their role in a given society. Pure etnie cannot be possible for anybody else. Nobody can talk about one’s pure ethnie, but population’s origin. Circumstances are the defining factor for individuals’ ethnic identity. It is a matter of choice according to these circumstances. Therefore, ethnic identity does not belong to common kinship, religion or history. It is constructed by individuals. Benedict Anderson mentions that â€Å"†¦ a historical identity contains imagined and imaginary fact that any claim to a h istorical identity contains imagined and imaginary elements, objects of dream and desires, always easily manipulated as the historical context evolves. The role of the intellectual elite in the creation of these movements is essential: they are the ones who first speak out specific markers or diferentia specifica in the culture and history of group† (The Kurds, Pg. 86). Assimilation via education, forcing the dominant group’s language to hide the ethnic communities for their nation building process or end the conflict between ethnies in the state are the ways to construct an ethnic identity for individuals. The question is that how Kurdish Nationalism occurred although they had different dynasties and approximately no unity between each other? Was that because of the modernization or primordial reasons or the balance of power? How come, their struggle sparkled and the big conflict began and has been escalating with Turkey and how this conflict has become a big question about ethnie in international arena, and will there be a solution for that conflict? Kurds had two aspects of society. One of them was primordial aspect; aga, sheikh, tribal leader as a traditional forms of power. Other one was modernist aspect; intellectuals, businessman, new leading groups among Kurds and merchants as a result of modern education and immigration. In the major cities of Kurdistan, there was an effect of Turkicized culture. In the shehri (urbanities) provided a distinct social group s of the vernacular rural groups. The tribesmen defined themselves as ‘ashiret’ (tribal) or as Kurds. Whereas, in the urban population, some of them referred themselves as Turkish others referred as Kurds. Religion, ‘communalism’, was an important factor for Kurdish solidarity during their national building process. In modern times, Kurds emerged as Sunni Muslims with Sufi effect. Also there were many Kurdish Shi’ite communities with different ethnic identities and dialects like Zaza and Alevis. During the 19th century, religious separists movements in Ottoman Empire, Sunni Kurds were recruited by sultan Adul-Hamid. In WWI, they had religious identity. They struggled against Christian invaders, Allies and Greeks, with Ottoman Empire. Religious identity created strong ties between Turks and Kurds against communist Alevis. When the clashes took place between Turks and communist Alevis, to be a Kurd or a Turk was not an issue because the first identity was the religious one. Sunni Kurds supported the pan Turkish Nationalist Action Party and young Turkish speaking Alevis declared themselves to be Kurds. Some Sunni Kurdish shaykhs and intellectuals were the supporter of Kemal’s pan-Islamic movement to protect the caliphate in the Turkish Muslim Empire. â€Å"Naqshbandiyya supporters of the Turkish independence movement, garnering financial support for the military, spreading the goals of Mustafa Kemal, and discrediting the Istanbul government†( Denise Natali, The Kurds and the State, Evolving National Identity in Iraq, turkey, and Iran, Pg.76). in 1919, Erzurum congress, Kurds mentioned that they were the supporters of both Mustafa Kemal and Turkish liberation, as long as it was aware of the Kurdish autonomy. â€Å"†¦Kurds were the legitimate brothers of the Turks and demanding not to separated from their compatriots, Kurds who demanded independence, claiming it was indignant to Kurdish honor† (The Kurds and the State, Evolving National Identity in Iraq, turkey, and Iran, Pg. 77). However, when tribesmen realized the modern developments, education and modern health services and intercommunication, at the same time they realized that their power was going to be getting weaker. Even though, tribesmen power was getting lesser, the concern about the race as a Kurd was getting stronger. Tribesmen were still expecting the new local chief Kurd or at least speak and understand Kurdish. According to Kurdish primordialists’ believers, Kurdish language and people have existed for millennia, but Kurdistan was isolated because of the modernism. Thus, for those people, modernism was seen as a conflict rather than the solution for their conflict with Turks. â€Å"Said Nursi criticized the idea of nationalism and ethnicity as a poison, arguing: I refuse one hundred million times to sacrifice 350 million brothers among whom are absolute majority of Kurds, who have a certain fraternity and who assist me with their prayers†¦to the idea of a negative ethnicity and nationalism. I refuse one hundred millions times to abandon these numerous sacred brothers, to win over some small impious numbers who have entered a profession without confession and who carry the name of Kurds† (The Kurds and the State, Pg.76). During Ottoman Empire, minority was defined by religion. Minorities’ rights were recognized. Their ethnic and linguistic differences among them did not have any legal consequences. The Kurdish National Movement began in 1826 because of sultan Mahmut’s changing policy for local governors and it escalated after the Young Turk revolt and got worse in Mustafa Kemal’s modernization term. In 19th century, Kurds realized their different cultural and linguistic features. In 1887, Midhat Bey and friends, generally well known families sons and had good background, published newspaper was called Kurdistan. â€Å"The paper, which violently attacked Turkish policy towards the Kurds, is said to have done much to consolidate the idea of Kurdish independence and to have led to the formation of Kurdish communities in various European countries, in Constantinople and in other Turkish towns†(The Kurdish Question, W.G Elphinston, International Affairs 1944-, Vol.22, No.1). Thus, this was the beginning of their revolt against Ottoman Empire; because nationalism was not well formed in those ages, their movement was religious (tariqats) rather than a nationalist movement. Sheikh Said, was the one of the most important religious revolt against Turks. And other revolts, trying to prove Kurdish independence, continued between 1930 and 1938. They were suppressed by Turkish military. Kurdish nationalist were apprehensive about cultural division because they needed a unity for self-determination. Stalin’s definition about nation was a remedy for their action and self-determination process. According to Stalin, nation have to five main characteristics to be a nation; common history, language, territory, economic life and culture. From 1923 to 1938 Kurdish nationalism had been revolting against Turkish government for Kurdish language and its deep root. â€Å" Kurdish intellectual Nuri Dersimi wrote a letter to the secretary general of UN in the name of the tribes of Tunceli (Dersimi), warning about the Turkification of one part of the Kurdish nation and extermination of other† (The Kurds and the State, Evolving National Identity in Iraq, turkey, and Iran, Pg. 83). By the early 20th century, Kurdish ethnie became defined Kurdish-speaking Muslim tribes like Zaza and Gurani speaking tribes. Sunnis, lived with them in similar ecological environments and shared common history became Kurdish core. Tribal peasantry groups like Alevi, Yezidi, Shi’I and Ahl-I hagg tribes, speaking same language and believing in same religion, became defined as Kurds. By the 1960s, Kurdish nationalist, had the elite backgrounds, â€Å"decided that the non-tribal peasantry were real Kurds and directed their nationalist propaganda at them. The subject peasantry were gradually incorporated into dominant ethnie† (The Kurds, pg.34). The question in people’s mind is that the reason of Kurdish nationalism can depend on the modernist approach. Was that really because of the unity of the Kurdish workers in three different areas, Turkey, Iraq and Iran, as Marxist ideology claim? Some primordialists believe that it was not the main reason because Kurdish workers united with other workers in their multiethnic states and plus the areas that Kurds survived never concentrated Kurdish communities’ industrialization process, Hence, they migrated to the west, Izmir, Istanbul and Germany, in 1960s because of their financial situation and support for their ideology but not for their nationalism movement. â€Å"The saliency of socioeconomic, tribal and localist identities prevented a unified sense of Kurdayeti (mobilization of Kurdish identity) from emerging across Kurdistan. Most Kurds were more interested in protecting their personal religious and tribal interests than in turning to Kurdish organizations to ad vance nationalist claims†(Denise Natali, The Kurds and the State, Evolving National Identity in Iraq, turkey, and Iran, Pg:75). Thus, modernization does not have any relevancy with Kurdish nationalism and reason of conflict with Turkey. Beginning of the modernization area and by this way increasing of the nation states and the spread of the democratization process and importance of the human rights increased the awareness of nationalism ideas and escalates the domestic conflicts. Increase of the communication between all Kurdish groups improved the political expectations. Thus, as Earnest Gellner mentions that nationalism as a result of industrialization and the impact of the state and society of process. However, this modernization process and nationalism appeared in Kurdish community a little bit late. Because of their geographical position, as a nomadic life style, diversity isolated them in different places. This strengthened the different Kurdish dialects. â€Å"Isolation and pastoral way of life in many areas contributed to the development of a strong clan and tribal structure that perpetuated political and regional division† (Turkey’s Kurdish Question, Henri J. Barkey and Graham E. Fuller, Pg.6 ). Another reason for the delay of the Kurdish nationalism was that their division between Persian and Ottoman empires and so divergency of national views. Increase of the nationalism ideas caused the clash of states and awakening the transformation of dominant states. Because of the emergence of the nationalism, conflict escalated between the great powers. During the WW I, first Kurdish nationalism emerged in Turkey. The decline of Ottoman Empire gave the huge change for the Emergence of the idea of self-determination so, Kurdish nationalism. Lenism with Bolshevik Revolution and Wilson with American Liberation inspired Kurdish nationalism and their demand for their independence. Thus, it is unavoidable the importance of the modernization over the spread of Kurdish Nationalism and the struggle with Turks. Late 19th century, Kurdish nationalism became more effective because of the increase of modernizing states and nationalism among the majority peoples who dominated them, Turks, Iranian and Arabs. Turkey was the under the pressure of Western powers during the 18th century and was preparing to its end. During this transformation term, K urdish people had a chance to express their ethnic identity, participate the political affairs, speak their own language, and assemble as a national group. Western power pressure over Ottomans but their friendship with Kurdistan assembles Kurds under their umbrella. Kurds were supported by British society; Friends of British society and Committee for the Independence for the Independence of Kurdistan. Bedir Khan, a representative in the Ottoman Parliament and secretary of the Committee for the Independence of Kurdistan, complained about Kurdish nationalism’s difficult situation in Turkey and its difference from Turkish national identity to British Society; â€Å"We have nothing in common with the Turks. They are of the Turanian race; we are of the Aryan race. Pour language is different. The Turks speak a language composed of Chagatay, Arab, and Persian, while Kurds speak their own language with its origins from Pahlavi (The Kurds and the State, Pg.74). Nation building policies of Turkey, improved communications, mass education and mass literacy, increased geographical and social mobility, political an military struggle of Kurdish nationalist parties, the ruin of traditional village life and the emergence of highly educated middle class have been such a profound effect over Kurdish nationalism movement during 20th century. However, this changes do not only have a positive effect over their nationalism but integration economically and socially to big cities caused weakening of Kurdish ethnicity too. In Urfa in 1960, Said Nursi, who identified as a Sunni Muslim, mentioned: â€Å"I have a friendly and brotherly relation with true the Turks†¦.. Yet, you take the identity from millions of Kurds who are real Turkish citizens, brothers in combat in the holy war of the Turks. You make them forget their identity and their ancient language†¦ This is a barbaric procedure. This submission cannot be imposed on me and we will not sub mit†(The Kurds and the States, Evolving National Identity in Iraq, Turkey and Iran, Pg.96). For sharpening the ethnic boundary with the dominant ethnie and awakening the Kurdish nationalism, Kurdish intellectuals has been studying historiography, linguistics, folklore studies and most of all poetry and literature. Some secularized and urbanized Kurdish intellectuals such as Mehdi Zana and Musa Anter published journals in Kurdish and Turkish and showing the significance of the Kurdish ethnicity by proving the difference of Kurdish language. Until the 1960s and 70s, Kurdish identity was undermined as state based national identity. 1960s was the awakening and reemergence of Kurdish nationalism. Displacement policy in new areas like western Anatolia and also Germany, and by this way, attending new jobs such as seasonal workers or some construction sectors and automobile factories, Kurdish nationalism assembled around the leftist worker groups. As a reborn left movement, it was for recognition of the existence of Kurds, their cultural rights and economic development. In 1965, Kurdistan Democratic Party of Turkey, emphasized the Kurdish identity and economic development but not the religion, was established by Faik Bucak and Said Elci. The new Kurdish movement became stronger with mass education and urbanization process. Kurdish students, intellectuals and labor immigrants became aware of their difference from dominant ethnie. â€Å"During the dozens of meetings held by Kurdish and Turkish intellectuals and working classes during 1960s, the participants protested against the underdevelopment of southeast Turkey. They demanded teachers and schools and not police. Kurdish nationalist also criticized education without the Kurdish language and life in Kurdistan without water and food† (The Kurds and the States, Evolving National Identity in Iraq, Turkey and Iran, Pg.100). In 1969, as another modernist approach, in the Eastern Turkey, new Kurdish organi zations were established to mention the importance of the Kurdish nationalism. Devrimci Dogu Kultur Ocaklaris was one of them. These organizations published journals and newspapers in Turkish and Kurdish to emphasize the â€Å"eastern problem†. During 1970s, when Kurdish agas became loosing power, Kurdish Leftist groups cooperated with Turkish Leftist parties to get some support for their movement. Others, who were against leftist groups and Alevis, joint the right wing Turkish parties like Alparslan Turkes’s MHP. However, after the 1970 coup d’etat and so weakening leftist workers group caused the declining of Kurdish nationalism. Their right wing Kurds became closer to Turkish government and reached and agreement with it increased the Kurd’s claim for their distinct ethnic identity. Thus, the hatred against the Turks and right wing Kurds escalated. â€Å"In the highly ethnicized and militarized political space, and in the absence of open political alternatives, Kurdish nationalist sentiment and organizations became highly ethnicized, violent, and diversified. Urbanized Kurdish nationalists produced clandestine journals such as MEDYA Gunesi, Toplumsal Dirilis, Ozgur Gelecek, and Vatan Gunesi that criticized the state’s military warfare in Kurdistan and emphasized the distinct Kurdish language. Still prevented from using in term Kurd, they created secular, pro-Kurdish parties, including the People’s Labor Party (Halkin Emek Partisi (HEP)† (The Kurds and the S tates, Evolving National Identity in Iraq, Turkey and Iran, Pg.110). Also, some of illegal parties like the socialist Party of Kurdistan in Turkey, the Kurdistan Workers’ Vanguard Party, and the Liberty Party was established with the slogan of â€Å"Kurdara Azadi†(Freedom to Kurds). Beside these parties, some nationalistic ones like National Liberators of Kurdistan and the Kurdistan Worker’s Party took violent nationalist actions Turkish government. PKK, terrorist organization, was represented as a least assimilated group in Kurdistan. Abdullah Ocalan, in 1972, became a president of this terrorist organization. They made an agreement with Syrian terrorist organization as well as the Palestinian one to increase their violent attack. This is a mainly leftist students group in Ankara, and grew out of anarchy. In 1985, they created National Liberation Front of Kurdistan (ERNK). By this organization, they had a chance to recruit leftist students, provide intelligence and spread their propaganda activities in Turkey as well as abroad. In 1986, People’s Liberation Army of Kurdistan was established to pursue the same aims with ERNK. Their aim was that create independent Kurdish state which was against to Western imperialism and of course the Turkish one. This Marxist-Lennist organization aimed to show that it was a ‘national liberation’ organization, organizing congress and taking decisions democratically, against t he Turkish nationalist movement. They tried to establish socialist state by aggressive military and nationalistic movement. Ocalan stated: â€Å"I did not emphasize Kurdayeti along with other Leftist during the 1960s-1970s because the extreme left was very strong and the Kurds lost their confidence. Also, there was a no dictatorship in Turkey during this time. We created PKK in 1978 at the time of the massacres in Karamaras. Still it was not a party uniquely for the Kurds or for Kurdayeti. It was an idea of the socialists†¦ our route to revolution was socialism† (The Kurds and the State, Evolving National Identity in Iraq, Turkey and Iran, Pg.112). The recruitment by PKK increased really fast against Turkish government. Growing number of Kurds increased their propaganda in the streets in 1990. â€Å"mass demonstrations, together with strikes and subsequent unrest, racked the frontier towns of Nusaybin and Cizre, with the disaffection spreading to regional city of Diyarb akir, The protests were ominously labeled the beginning of a Kurdish intifada by members of the Kurdish nationalist movement† (The Overload State: Turkish Policy and the Kurdish Issue, Phillip Robins, International Affairs, Vol.69, No.4, Oct.1993, Pg. 665). To reach their goals they also killed Kurdish people, village guards. In 1985, ANAP (Anavatan Partisi, Motherland Party) was under the control of Turgur Ozal decided to use village guards in South-east, to protect the order in that region against PKK. â€Å"The creation of these groups would also serve the purpose of showing outsiders that the Kurds in the south-east were far from united in their opposition to the Turkish states. The village Guard system soon became embroiled in the tribalism of the region. With the PKK using violence as an instrument of terror against members of the militia and their families, those attracted to membership of the Village guard have often been clans who are traditionally loyal to stateâ⠂¬ (Turkey and Kurds, Pg.664). PKK believed that these guards were also big impediments for them to create unified and independent Kurdistan. Since, these village guards were working with Turkish government and taking money from it, they had to be killed or that had to become PKK members and supply money for that terrorist organization. This forceful PKK pressure over the village guards, created tension in local areas, and PKK took advantage of this division between the local guards and exploited some exiting tribal divisions. In 1990, Ocalan established Patriotic Union of Mullahs of Kurdistan, the Islamic party of Kurdistan, and the Kurdish-Alevi Union to declare jihad against Turkish government. Basically he used religion as a tool for their violent nationalistic action. â€Å"Kurdish nationalists, in turn, have sporadically used religion to advance their nationalist agenda. After 1990 some Kurds in Turkey reconfigured Kurdish Liberation in the context of Islam as a way of coun tering the state’s Islamic policies. Ocalan declared the PKK more Islamic than the Islamists and said that he too, prayed during his youth† (The Kurds and the State, Evolving National Identity in Iraq, Turkey and Iran, Pg.115). To attract the attention of public opinion and gain international and local respect, between 1991 and 1993, their actions became more lethal. They had attacked government institutions, schools, teachers, and political parties in the East and South East. According to Amnesty International, as of 1997, 124 teachers were killed by members of the PKK. â€Å"PKK members abducted and killed 19 teachers in the autumn of 1994; it appears that the Kurdish Workers Party, PKK, is resuming its repugnant policy of murdering teachers in southeast Turkey(www.amnesty.org). In 1993, Abdullah Ocalan declared ceasefire unilaterally. Howeer, it was not such a long ceasefire because then he suddenly broke the ceasefire and appeasement term with Turkish goverment. â€Å"Ocalan put forward two reasons for his return to arms: the absence of any political gestures, such as allowing Kurdish Language radio and television broadcast; and the fact that military action had been resumed by the government†( The Overload State: Turkish Policy and the Kurdish Issue, Pg.669). However, it was not realistic that, because he declared ceasefire, it did not mean for Turkish government, Turkey could trust PKK and help the Kurdish development process. And also although during the ceasefire period, Turkish military was in the South East , they were not such a big threat for Kurds. To cover its terrorist facets, PKK created the Kurdish Parliament in Exile. â€Å"To establish national institutions in cultural fields, to establish a national congress and national parliament of a free Kurdistan, to prepare draft resolutions relating to a constitution, citizenship laws, conscription laws, civil laws, tax laws, penal laws and environmental protection act, to work with youth to put an end to its alienation, to ease the return of the Kurdish people to Kurdistan, to enter into voluntary agreements with the neighboring peoples, guided by the principle of self –determination of Kurds, to undertake to improve the Kurdish Language† (Turkey’s Kurdish Question, Pg34-35), this organization was created. However, even though they wanted to reach a so-called compromise with Turkish government, the demanded also military, economic and political embargo from international community. On the other hand, Some Kurdish people attended to Turkish parties, to seek solutions for the South East problem. These parliamentarians tried to find projects and tried to help the Kurdish people in that area. Also, they had a chance to protect their family against PKK. These Kurdish parliamentarians became closer the Turkish government not only because of their security concern or earn money but also they began believing that Because of PKK’s violent actions, Kurdish people having less political freedom than before. In south east, Kurds stopped their demonstrations, closed their shops and stooped their strikes. Thus, in this area, right now, two different types of village guards, one of them was forced by PKK to be a member of this terrorist organization and revolt against Turks, and other one was totally against PKK and struggled with them. Because of this tribal division and PKK’s propaganda; â€Å"all those that are not with us are against us†, Kurds unfort unately did not have a chance which one really against PKK which one was forced and which one the real PKK member. Additionally, besides these parliamentarians, against PKK, Kurdish right-wing religionist occurred like Hezbollah. They killed lots of PKK intellectuals and journalists. Beginning of the War of the Independence, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, first president of Turkey, mentioned the equality of Turks and Kurds and their common struggle to protect the millet (nation) in April 1920. Also, Mustafa Kemal mentioned that, Parliament was not the arrange of representatives of Turks, Kurds and Laz but the representative of the Islamic community. Unfortunately, Kurds revolt against Turks continued. In 1920, Koagari was the most important one. This revolt, forced Ataturk to gather Turkish troops against Kurds from the real war arena to deal with that insurgency which later led to big gap between Kurds and Turks. 1920 was an important year not only for Turks but also Kurds because they had a chance to persuade Turkish government for their distinct ethnicity with the Treaty of Sevres. According to that agreement; â€Å"If within one year from the coming into force of the present Treaty the Kurdish people†¦ show that majority of the population of these areas desire s independence from Turkey, and if the Council then considers that these people are capable of such independence and recommendation, and to renounce all rights and title over these areas† (Turkey and Kurds, Pg.659). If Turkey had not won the Turkish War of independence, today talking about Turkish existence would be so difficult. By that victory, treaty of Lausanne was signed, and that treaty determined the minority according to religion but not ethnie. â€Å"No reference was made to non-Turkish minorities, though there were some very general provisions on the rights of Turkish nationals. This effective exclusion of the Kurds from definition of a minority has been referred to countless times by Turkish politicians to justify the lack of any special status or provisions for the Kurds of Turkey†(Turkey and Kurds, Pg. 660). During the Lausanne Conference, Ismet Inonu Mentioned that. That was not true that Kurds did not want to live with Turks. For centuries, Turk and Kurd s had been sharing same culture, tradition, ethnie and living in harmony. Kurds preffered Turkish governance by their will and decided to have same destiny with Turks. â€Å"In Turkish Grand Assembly, they have their own, mayors and representatives and so this assembly is not only for Turks but also as well as its Kurds. They have the same rights with Turkish mayors to talk about state’s future† (Lozan Baris Konferansi,Tutanaklar-Belgeler, 3.Baski, 2001, Pg. 349). During the one party area in Turkey, Kemalist regime reinvented the Turkish ethnie. Actually, during that term, not Kurdish and Turkish nationalism was in conflict but the primordialism and modernism were struggling against each other and were used by Turks and Kurds to unify their nations according to their interests. In 1925, Ismet Inonu, Ataturk’s confidant and successor, in his speech proved the effect of primordialism in Turkish domestic policy; â€Å"We are frankly nationalist and nationalism is our only factor of cohesion. In the face of a Turkish majority other elements have no kind of influence. We must Turkify the inhabitants of our land at any price, and we will annihilate those oppose the Turks†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Turkey’s Kurdish Question, Pg.10). In 1924, demolish of Caliphate and reduce the importance of religion as defining factor for identity, idea of citizenship was shaped in Turkey. Citizenship meant that Turkishness. â€Å"Mustafa Kemal had begun to de velop an ideology based on ethno-nationalsim, drawn from the European experience. The essence of this ideology to which Mustafa Kemal gave his name as it related to the national question was that those disparate people of the modern state were to have their previous identities subsumed under that of being Turkish†¦Kurds by categorizing them as ‘Mountain Kurds’†¦ and their traditional costumes wee banned because of the Turkish Dress Code, village names got Turkish names and various restrictions on the use of the Kurdish language were introduced† (Turkey and Kurds, Pg.661). Kurd could be called Turk, if they rejected their own ethnic identity. Also, if Kurds wanted to be a member of the parliament they had to accept the Turkish identity. This situation caused Kurdish dissatisfaction. Shaykh Said, first religious and nationalistic rebellion, changed the relationship between Kurds and Turks. Kemalist government believed that if never government was establish ed, there would be no homogeneity. Therefore, Kurds were not able to use their language and live their culture. As a result, some of them accepted Turkish identity and got some important positions in military, politics like President Turgut Ozal whose Grandmother was Kurd. Turkish nationalist idea was both civic and ethno-cultural. Its ethno-cultural aspect prepared a base for assimilation of Kurds, did not accept the higher Turkish culture, and civic one made possible the rise of assimilated Kurds. These assimilation process were as a result of some limitations such as education, economic resources. For instance as aresult of assimilation process by language, Ziya Gokalp, who was originally Kurd, opted Turkish ethnicity and became one of the Chief ideologies of Turkish nationalism. In 1915, he mentioned that shehrinin millleti yoktur wich means that the urbanite has no ethnic identity† (The Kurds, Pg.31). Currently in the Southeast some Kurdish people are barely speak any language but Kurdish. During the Democratic Party area, Turkish stated reduced their secular aspect and ease some cultural restrictions in the east. Kurdish people had a chance to benefit form commercial bourgeoisie even though it was in the west side of Turkey. Also they had a chance to express themselves in their own language because of the Freedom of expression. However, after that freedom of expression period, Democratic Part was overthrown. In 1960s, emergence of the trade unions and student groups, new political organizations were created for Kurds like Turkish workers party (TIP). It mentioned that there was an ethnic problem in Turkey. After that in 1971, because of the coup, this party was closed. In 1980s, Turkish government was afraid of growing trend of Kurdish nationalism and their strike in Southeast, so coup d’etat was happened. In the short term struggle with these terrorist were seen successful; lots of Kurdish nationalist were jailed or killed, but in the long run, it showed that this struggle did not bring success to Turks because some of the Kurdish nationalists escaped some underground or refuge boards. For instance, for PKK, Syria became a safe heaven. 1983 was another turning point both for Kurds and Turks because Turkish was declared as an only language for its citizens. However, in 1991, with Turgut Ozal, Kurdish people had their own publications in their own language and also had their own cultural organizations. These organizations aim were to teach Kurdish history and culture. According to Turkish public, although Turkey has three important features; Democratic process and governance, the existence of a large and vibrant civil society and open press, these feature do not work in the same way for Kurdish people and Kurdish problem. People’s labor party (HEP), Democracy Party (DEP) and People’s Democracy Party (HADEP), PKK affiliated parties, were banned. However, some civil organizations did not have the same strict ideas against Kurdish problem and also Turkish government has not been always ignorant. . Since the economic problem, which has been such a big deal and the reason of the conflict fro 1980, â€Å"Turkish government has recognized the centrality of the economic issue to Kurdish unrest. The South-east Anatolian Project (GAP) is aimed at regenerating the economy of the south-east. Countless other plans for rapid economic transformation have also been unveiled† (Turkey and Kurds, Pg. 663). As it is known that Southeast is the po orest area of Turkey and it has been run on a semi-feudal basis. People did not have enough economic development. And although there has been such a big economic growth in Aegean and Mediterranean, in southeast, per capita has been at the lowest rate. Also, during Ozal’s term, â€Å"the government introduced a state of emergency, though falling short of martial law, effectively curbed he application of Turkey’s emerging political liberalization process in the region†(Turkey and Kurds, Pg. 664). The New Democracy Movement (Yeni Demokrasi Harekati), was established Cem Boyner, is a businessman and former head of TUSIAD (Turkish Businessmen’s Association), tried to find a solution for the big economic gap between Southeast and West of Turkey by including Kurds to develop their own local policies along their own forms. He has succeeded to open an arena to answer the problems of Kurdish questions for future. Also, Turkish government showed some progresses for other areas to improve Kurdish peoples’ life standard like language; â€Å" since 2002, as part of its reforms aimed at European Union integration and under pressure to further the rights of Kurds, Turkey passed laws allowing Kurdish radio and television broadcasts as well the option of private Kurdish education†(www.bbc.co.uk). On the other hand, lots of Kurdish families did not let their girls so to school because they thought that girls had to stay home and married rich husband. Unfortunately, families had the same tribal and traditional families for their girls. Their girls were only able to go to elementary and middle school. However, â€Å"The Turkish state is actively trying to put an end to these feudal practices by a variety of educational and political campaigns, along with nation-wide television campaigns and the personal involvement of the prime minister. It has been estimated that thanks to these determined campaigns, hundreds of thousands of girls in the region are now going to school for the very first time† (www.britannica.com). However, although there are some progresses like that some of the, unfortunately are not satisfying. According to European Commission progress report As regards cultural rights, permission was granted to two local TV channels in Diyarbakir and to one radio in Sanliurfa to broadcast in Kurdish. However, time restrictions apply, with the exception of films and music programmes. All broadcasts, except songs, must be subtitled or translated in Turkish, which makes live broadcasts technically cumbersome. Educational programs teaching the Kurdish language are not allowed. The Turkish Public Television (TRT) has continued broadcasting five languages including Kurdish, however the duration and scope of TRTs national broadcasts in five languages is very limited. No private broadcaster at national level has applied for broadcasting in languages other than Turkish since the enactment of the 2004 legislat ion†. However, general public opinion has been really aggressive against Kurdish problem. Most of people believe that Kurd means that terrorist or problem. All Kurds are Terrorists and members of PKK. May be it is the because of the â€Å"Many Families have now lost their sons in the army to the conflict, and many parents speak with great anxiety about their sons’ early due dates for military service and the risks entail. Bodies have been coming back from the southeast on a regular basis; and the height of the insurrection, the number of coffins brought to the main Kocatepe Mosque in Ankara for funeral ceremonies before being sent back home would sometimes reach ten a day†(Turkey’s Kurdish Question, Pg.116). For general public, Kurds are mountain Turks. Although they speak different language, their language based on Turkish, it is a dialect of Turkish. Thus it is not such a serious tool for communication and so it is ridiculous to demand for special linguistic rights . It means that Kurdish identity is meaningless and unnecessary and if somebody is dare to talk about their rights, this person is terrorist and enemy of the nation. Is there any solution for Kurdish and Turkish conflict? Are they going to live in the same territory as enemies or going to reach a compromise? Is there any trust between each other after their complicated history? Did primordialism and modernism help them for their national building or did they cause more conflict between each other? Both of them used both nationalistic ways in different period to build their nation. However, they have never ever exactly reached an agreement with each other. Maybe these approaches were as tools to damage each other’s nation building process. First of all both Kurds and Turks lost their trust to each other. â€Å"Turks and Kurds are coming to live in their separate psychological worlds- working jointly in society but increasingly nourishing suspicious about each other’s intentions and identifying with different things. It is this growing psychological gap between Kurdish and Turkish is the most dangerous feature of Kurdish issue in Tur key†(Turkey’s Kurdish Question, Pg.17). Russian help to Kurds and also Britain cause a question mark in minds. Why did those nations help Kurds? Was that really because of to protect of their rights or to use them as a tool and reach their aim over Turkey? Then, can we say that balance of power escalate the conflict between Kurds and Turks? Why have these nations become a financial support for PKK and Kurds? Still people have suspicion about the future of this conflict. Both Kurds and Turks do not really do not know who they can trust. Do they trust each other or European powers to solve this problem? Is it really true that if Turkey increases its progress in the South-east and give more opportunities to Kurds such as they have more freedom about using their language, foreign powers, using Kurds for their geopolitics aim over Turkey, will able to Separate Turkey and give Kurds little federation under their control? These questions have not been answered yet, but confl ict between Kurds and Turks has been still escalating. And both sides become more pessimistic about their future because of their past. 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A - H Glossary of College Terms

A - H Glossary of College Terms By term: A - H | I - R | S - Z College Terms: A - H Academic Probation: If your grades fall below a certain level, your campus may place you on academic probation. This traditionally means that you need to raise your GPA or face the possibility of being removed from your school for academic reasons. Adjunct Professor: A professor who is usually part-time or not on campus with a long-term contract (and, consequently, not eligible for tenure). Alumna: Female graduate or former student. Alumnae: Female graduates or former students. Alumni: Male graduates or both male and female graduates. Alumnus: Male graduate or former student. Area Coordinator (AC): This person usually oversees an area of your residence hall, or an area of your campus. They have more responsibility, and may sometimes supervise, Resident Advisers (RAs). Area Director (AD): This is usually just another title for an Area Coordinator (AC). Board of Directors/Board of Trustees: Most colleges have a board that oversees all parts of the campus. Traditionally, the board hire s (and possibly fires) a president; manages the college or university’s finances; and is responsible for all major policy decisions. Many college and university boards comprise alumni, faculty, staff, community leaders, and (sometimes) students. Board of Regents: Similar to how a Board of Trustees oversees a single college or university, a Board of Regents traditionally oversees a state system of public colleges or universities. College: In contrast to a university, a college traditionally only offers undergraduate degrees and programs. (There are, of course, some exceptions to this definition.) Commencement: Usually another name for graduation. Convocation: On some campuses, each year starts with a convocation ceremony where the new class is officially welcomed and the academic year formally begins. Dean: A Dean is someone traditionally in charge of a major area of a college. For example, there may be a Dean of Students, a Dean of the Faculty, and a Dean of Arts Sciences. Discipline: On a college campus, a discipline is often synonymous with a major. It usually refers to a field of study. (Of course, if you are charged with violating campus or community rules, you may be required to have a disciplinary hearing†¦and t hat definition is more traditional!) Discourse: A conversation, exchange of words, or dialogue, usually incorporating a wide range of views and opinions. Faculty: The faculty, or a faculty member, is generally anyone who teaches at the college. FAFSA: The Free Application for Federal Student Aid. This form is required for any student who wants to be considered for federal aid of any kind. Make sure you get your form in by the deadline! Fees: Fees can be charged for anything from seeing a doctor in the campus health center to returning your library books late. Additionally, you may see something listed as student fees, which cover some student services that the school provides and/or may be the basis for the student government budget. Financial Aid: Anything related to the way you are paying for school. Loans, scholarships, grants, work awards, and any other resource you use are all considered part of your financial aid. Graduate Assistant/Graduate Adviser (GA): A GA is often the same thing as a Graduate Student Instruc tor (GSI). Graduate Instructor (GI): A GI is often the same thing as a Graduate Student Instructor (GSI). Graduate Student Instructor (GSI): A GSI is often a graduate student who helps out in your classes. They made grade papers, lead seminar discussions, and sometimes teach classes. Grants: Similar to scholarships in that you dont need to pay them back. Some grants may be connected to your course of study or allow you to do research while still having your financial needs taken care of. (For example, you may earn a grant to cover your room and board while you do summer research with a professor.) Hall Coordinator (HC): A hall coordinator is typically in charge of your entire hall and oversees Resident Advisers (RAs). Hall Council (HC): A Hall Council is a small governing body that serves as a student voice and helps make decisions and plan programs for your hall community; frequently the same thing as a Residence Council. Hall Director (HD): Hall Directors are often the same things as Hall Co ordinators (HCs).

Outsourcing Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Outsourcing - Term Paper Example For instance, a company may outsource non-strategic functions to companies that specialize in such fields of work. Additionally, outsourcing also includes the transferring of assets and employees to another firm. The term outsourcing extends over both domestic and foreign outsourcing, and it sometimes also involves the relocation of a firm elsewhere; this is known as off-shoring. The company that provides outsourcing services is commonly called as service provider Organizations enter into a business agreement with third-party service providers that involves an interchange of payments and services. Outsourcing helps firms perform efficiently in their core functions and minimize costs incurred and shortage of skill in disciplines where they deem outsourcing appropriate. Since the early 21st century, businesses have exceedingly outsourced to firms in foreign countries; this is commonly known as off-shore outsourcing. In consequence of the widespread practice of outsourcing, several appe llations have been designated to refer to various parts of the relationship between the discipline of outsourcing and firms, such as strategic outsourcing, multi-sourcing and near-shoring. Outsourcing offers more room or elasticity in controlling unnecessary expenses and spending where it is indispensable. Outsourcing gives organizations the advantage to spend on only the services that are absolutely needed and also the precise periods or times in which they need them. This reduces the expenses incurred on hiring and training of employees (Haugen, Musser and Lovelace, 2009). The biggest transition in outsourcing has come from the rapid increase in the number of firms or small groups of professionals using computer technologies to utilize outsourcing as a source or path for building pragmatic service providing businesses or systems that can be operated from any part of the globe where internet access is available. Such service providers are preferred by large firms for ephemeral empl oyment of experts in specialized disciplines so as to have their projects or services worked on and delivered completely virtually or online. This suggests that there is a rapidly growing increase in the number of such businesses that function completely online that outsource to offshore firms to work and complete the work contracted out to them before the final service or project is sent to the end user. This is commonly practiced in website designing. Albeit outsourcing has been practiced by corporations so long work specialization has remained an important part of industry, it is rather recently that there has been a surge in outsourcing by organizations for the execution of non-strategic or non-core processes such as data entry, or billing. This is owing to the fact that such processes could be more efficiently executed by companies that specialize in the aforementioned fields respectively; this makes it more time and cost effective for organizations. Some companies outsource se rvices for the execution of particular business functions, while others outsource services for the execution of entire processes. Outsourcing may take many forms but the two most common forms of outsourcing are: Business Process Outsourcing, BPO, and Information Technology Outsourcing, ITO. Furthermore, Business Process Outsourcing incorporates human resource outsourcing, HRO, call center outsourcing and accounting and finance outsourcing. Such processes for

Rise of Communism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Rise of Communism - Essay Example Although global communism was at first tolerable, it drew opposition from a theory emanating in 1917 and 1933 that global communism was to be attained through revolutions. As such, the twentieth century saw the rise of two massive communist revolutions, Chinese and Russian Revolutions.The Russian Revolution of 1917 saw series of revolutionary uprisings in Russia within the year. In February the Emperor together with the old regime was replaced by a provisional government that was later replaced in October by a communist, Bolshevik, government (Gleason, Kenez, and Stites, 1985). The onset of the revolution took place in modern day Saint Petersburg where the imperial government formed the provisional government. However, the governance of the provisional government was not satisfactory for the Bolsheviks who protested and later in October took control after mobilizing masses’ support. For example, the decision by the provisional government to commence with the German conflict dr ew contestation hence fueling the misunderstandings further. However, after the October revolution the following years saw the onset of the Russian civil wars. The Russian Revolution was sparked by decreasing confidence in the government due to the strained economic status and poor wages making it easy to mobilize masses. During this period the First World War was ongoing and some of Russia’s major economic activities had been derailed causing inflation and food shortages in the capital. (Kenez, and Stites, 1985).

Poetry Interpretation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Poetry Interpretation - Essay Example By outward appearances, the man looks like he has it all. He is in a relationship, and probably seems well off within the trappings of a successful life. His lover is very committed to him. Yet something eats away at him and he is neither satisfied nor happy. Quite to the contrary, he feels out of control - like he is going "down the drain;" and he cannot control it because his life has assumed its own trajectory. His "body spins and sinks" like a rock tossed into deep murky water. His only escape is to fall asleep, but sleep merely throws him "into a black hole." From a black hole to sinking and being sucked down a drain, all of the imagery of this poem suggests someone unable to resist the overwhelming pull of gravity sucking him toward an undesirable existence. The things that should be pleasant for the man - sex and love - are more like drudgery and chores. Sex makes him "feel like a servant." Love makes him "feel like a slave." These things are serving someone else, his master, rather than himself. The imagery of a servant and a slave implies a sense of subordination and a life spent at someone else's pleasure. While his lover thinks the relationship is wonderful, that lover fails to see the one-sidedness of it all. The old notion of a committed lover being shackled with a ball-and-chain comes to mind.

Assignment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Assignment - Research Paper Example Therefore, in order for the businesses to remain competitive, advertising and fashion shows have become important activities that aim at attracting the customers. However, the level at which models with low body mass index is used in fashion shows and advertising within the fashion arts is alarming. This paper will therefore discuss reasons why use of models with low body mass index in fashion shows and advertising within the fashion arts should be banned. The largest market segment composes of the young generation. These are people who are willing to use their disposable money on luxurious goods. Therefore, they are easily swayed by the models with low body mass index. With the changing perception concerning the fashion industry, many of the young people want to look like the models that are used in the fashion shows and adverts of the fashion arts. Even though majority of them do not have the knowledge on losing weight, they try to use any means available to look like the fashion models. For instance, research indicates that many turn to diet in order to reduce their body mass index (Perrier 27). This is through reducing the amount of food they take or skipping some of the meals. Majority of these people ends up being malnourished or suffering from diseases that are associated with poor feeding habits. On the other hand, other groups of people have turned their attention to drugs that are perceived to help the users reduce the body mass index. Some of these drugs have devastating side effects. Majority of the users suffer from body reactions that emanates from the use of the drugs. This is because there are no prescribed ways of using them. Furthermore, majority of them are misled and do not have the information on the repercussions of these drugs on their bodies. Therefore, during fashion shows and fashion adverts, models used should be a representative of the whole population. These are people of all body sizes. Nevertheless, during

Differences between Mac and PC with Windows Essay

Differences between Mac and PC with Windows - Essay Example Because of their differences, people have had to make the right choice for the one to acquire. However, if granted an opportunity, I would opt for Mac. I prefer Mac to PC because it has features that distinguish it from the PC and appeal to me most. The first reason why I prefer Mac is because it is only manufactured by one company called Apple Incorporations. As a matter of fact, Apple is a well-established company that manufactures high-quality products. Apart from employing highly trained experienced professionals, it makes the right decisions based on rigorous researches. This makes its products more durable and valuable. Although they have higher initial costs, Macs are cheaper in the long run since they are made to last. In case of any breakdown, the company can be reached to offer the required repairs. However, this does not apply to PC windows whose software and hardware are manufactured by different companies. Even if they are cheaper to buy, PCs are prone to damages, incompatibilities and leggings. Worse still, in case of damages, no single company can accept to take responsibility, but instead, engage in a blame game. The other reason why can opt to buy Mac instead of Window PC is that it is much safer. Unlike Window PC, Mac is less popular with many people. This is mainly due to the fact that it is only manufactured by one Apple Inc. Besides, its security has been enhanced by the development of features such as MountainLion which has been exclusively developed to help in making it safe. This differs from Window PCs that have become vulnerable to dangers from viruses, malware, spyware and hackings from other people.  

Assignment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Assignment - Research Paper Example Therefore, in order for the businesses to remain competitive, advertising and fashion shows have become important activities that aim at attracting the customers. However, the level at which models with low body mass index is used in fashion shows and advertising within the fashion arts is alarming. This paper will therefore discuss reasons why use of models with low body mass index in fashion shows and advertising within the fashion arts should be banned. The largest market segment composes of the young generation. These are people who are willing to use their disposable money on luxurious goods. Therefore, they are easily swayed by the models with low body mass index. With the changing perception concerning the fashion industry, many of the young people want to look like the models that are used in the fashion shows and adverts of the fashion arts. Even though majority of them do not have the knowledge on losing weight, they try to use any means available to look like the fashion models. For instance, research indicates that many turn to diet in order to reduce their body mass index (Perrier 27). This is through reducing the amount of food they take or skipping some of the meals. Majority of these people ends up being malnourished or suffering from diseases that are associated with poor feeding habits. On the other hand, other groups of people have turned their attention to drugs that are perceived to help the users reduce the body mass index. Some of these drugs have devastating side effects. Majority of the users suffer from body reactions that emanates from the use of the drugs. This is because there are no prescribed ways of using them. Furthermore, majority of them are misled and do not have the information on the repercussions of these drugs on their bodies. Therefore, during fashion shows and fashion adverts, models used should be a representative of the whole population. These are people of all body sizes. Nevertheless, during

Current National Patient Safety Goals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Current National Patient Safety Goals - Essay Example These professionals, referred to as the Patient Safety Advisory Group, include clinical physicians, nurses, pharmacists, and healthcare managers. In addition, the commission tailors the goals to be program-specific towards a specific accredited organization. The Joint Commission implemented the goals to assess the safety and the eminence of care provided for patients. There are some achievements accrued from the implementation of the goals. This paper explores "Preventing Healthcare-Associated Infections" as one of the goals of the National Patient Safety Goals. Â  Goal number seven outlines Preventing Healthcare-Associated Infections as an important consideration of patient safety (The Joint Commission, 2015). It species the need to implement evidence-based practices to prevent infections in areas such as central line-associated bloodstream infections, healthcare-associated infections, surgical site infections, and indwelling catheter-associated urinary tract infections. In addition, it presents hand hygiene guidelines and outlines goals for improving hand cleaning as specified by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Healthcare professionals infect millions of people in the process of giving care, treatment, and healthcare services in healthcare organizations. Healthcare-related infections are thus an integral component of patient safety in healthcare settings. Hand cleaning and the myriad forms of infections are detailed below. Â  

The Uses of Drama and Enactment in Group Psychotherapy Essay Example for Free

The Uses of Drama and Enactment in Group Psychotherapy Essay The relationship between the use of drama and group psychotherapy remains fundamental. At one point dramatic activities such as enactment of scenes, role play, telling stories are fundamentally useful in developing group psychotherapy measures. Basically, group psychotherapy is a system of approach with which a therapist or even many of them provide their psychotherapy treatment to a group of clientele. Group psychotherapy is basically important and economical in cost parameter. Either, the togetherness of the clients produces often more productive results than using individual therapy. In group therapy, dispensation of a talk is highly put in place. The history of group therapy goes back to early 20th century. In the same, the clients come in a group under the leadership of one or even many therapists to spearhead their psychotherapeutic problems. Group psychotherapy will basically involve interactions between various individuals committed to the groups with an aid of a therapist to monitor their activities. During the interactions, the different personal elements are defined by what persons have to encounter in their daily life is pictured out. The kind of behaviour manifested by the clients within the group will therefore call for therapeutic approach where experiences are generated in the process and hence employed into real life translation. It’s theoretic approach is diverse and chooses to over look one theoretical approach. The diversity in the theoretical approaches is to provide an inherent method in which the clients can be served in different manner. (Carr, 2001) Group psychotherapy came as a refuge to weaknesses of single person therapy. Since clients are confined into personal contact with the therapist, such persons in single person therapy had their therapeutic environment compromised with. Personal interaction presents personal expression in a full context to the therapist than the social arena found in group psychotherapy where individual can socially interact with one another and bring out their complimentary issues. Generally, the applicability of drama to group psychotherapy is highly fundamental. Currently, dramatic scenes are employed as methods of creating engagement in psychotherapeutic situations. Through dramatic activities, exchange of therapeutic information has been easy and highly productive which provides the clients with a good environment to deal with their social issues. With the changing structures in the societal setting, artistic work has become an important tool in psychotherapy. Various forms of artistic works such as painting, dramatic scenes, spontaneous acting, and telling stories can effectively provide an adequate tool with which the human population can be served adequately in their therapeutic approach. Clients have had enormous developments from their dramatic activities or even that provided by acting group at the clinical sites. Theatrical concerts and plays have been used as tools for out doing the traditional therapeutic activities whose impact is less productive, costly and primitive to the clientele population. At the therapeutic scene, drama can be used as a tool with which people exchange their social life with others and the therapists. At the clinical therapeutic sites, various factional representations can form the benchmark of bringing together the clientele population and their therapists. The dramatic action can be combined with either dance or music. The musical part will involve personal dialogues spoken to the others or even making performances and singing songs on various social experiences. Through dramatic expressions, therapeutic clients are able to exchange fine social relations with the others. Drama within therapeutic activities can be used as a good source of entertainment in which clients come together in one understanding to talk and perform on a particular issue of effects to their life. It makes people to enjoy with one another in playing or expressing opinions as were for other people. Therefore, through therapeutic drama actions, teaching expressions, learning and also making foundations of personal growing form the others can be achieved. ( Thomas, 1997) Therapeutic drama actions provide the people with holistic methods of learning form other people’s expressions through dramaturgical understanding by the others (passive audience). Their activities will be personified to create interpersonal activation which helps the people interact continuously with one another and hence learn from one another. Dramaturgical expressions are more of reality than when reading from books and articles would provide. Either, this is a close way of joining and entering the other person’s life and hence gives horrible time for his/her exploration of one’s internal environment. This creates a personified environment with which one person can have the feeling of the other or situation. Dramatic actions and scenes will therefore help to create a clear cut understanding of what happens in the world around us, which involves the other person (client). Through dramatic activities, encounter with interpersonal expressions helps to give foundations for the creation of new more adaptive methods of appreciating one’s life. Clients will engage themselves in doing the activities in a more rationalized way and build an extended hope of personal expressions. (Brown, 1996) Therapeutic use of drama and enactment scenes is highly helpful in creating an environment for more personal enjoyment and interrelationship with the other people. Psychotherapeutic clients are usually socially impeded with the real life situation and the general nature of environment they are living in. Psychotherapy therefore seeks to formulate standards of approach in which people will have to be personified of the ways to deal with their social life and psychological problems. It seeks to create relations between the client and the therapist in which the client is able to understand to a greater depth the activity born in the situation he/she is in. Dramatic expressions in group psychotherapy provide support for standards of expressions in which the clients help to build a more coordinated approach of dealing with various psychological problems in their life. (Yalom, 1980) As an important tool within group psychotherapy, individual clients should field their personal expressions about the reality of their life. They should constantly participate in letting ones understanding between the other people. Everyone is delegated with role-play of full contribution to the group activities which involves expressions, performances, dialogues and other. Ones role-play is a highly important aspect to the resulting of such therapeutic activities. Dramatic expressions provide tools with which one gets the real imagination and expression of the other which allows personal pretence of the activities of the other. This helps to build conditions with which one person can have the thoughts of the other and expressed in personal outlook. Through such dramatic scenes, new ideas which affect and improve the life are developed in a performance action which is shared by all the people within the therapeutic group(s). A coordination between the people is rationalized to a great level with every person’s participation been uncompromised for the effectiveness of such groups. The thinking and development of affirmative actions is improved with every activity been personified to generate personal interest to those within the group. (Knap, 2004) Drama use in providing group psychotherapy can be highly attributable due to its social approach. It fundamentally provides standard of approach where personal expression can be solidly developed among the others within the group. The interactive phenomena between the group members and the therapist produces lucrative standard with which the clients can appreciate of everyone’s role and contribution. At pone point, such dramatic expressions are lucrative to provide an environment of support for standards which propagate adequate dimensions for Clientele Corporation between themselves and their therapist. Generally, the dramatic expression produces a pillar of expressions that help to promote a coordinated attribute in the activity performance and role play of each towards developing the others social stability.(Alpert, Fara, 2004) Firstly, group drama provides an environment for a detailed exploitation of other persons issues which is to be levied in a more upright context of social manner. Such social exploitation into the other person’s life helps to provide structures of an actual reflection into the reality of personal life. Through such group programs, clients tends to learn from the performance effects of the others which should even provide a stronger base for real understanding than formal reading and learning form therapeutic members. (Martens, 2005) Either, through dramatic expressions, the clientele population is fed with a greater opportunity of observing and reflecting one one’s personal life at the immediate level and the social skills owned by the other clientele population. Various expression of personal level can only be brought out into a clear image when dramatic expressions are fielded in the therapeutic context. Through personal interaction with the others, one is able to enjoy the lucrative environment which is provided to create a more definite system of appreciation to ones capability and weaknesses. The social portfolio borne by the others is also brought out at a real picture to provide a better environment for interaction between one another. This posits a condition with which the client population grows from the individual level before expanding to capture the contribution levied by the clientele neighbourhood. (Yalom, Leszcz, 2005) Elsewhere, dramatic actions in group psychotherapy provides adequate conditions for pursuing legitimate focus of personal inter-relationship benefit. Dramatic actions provide real life influence for effective support into one another’s contribution. This is through providing active structures where phenomenological interactions provide a pursuit of intervention into ones neighbourhood. Drama activities are both participative and tool for solid standards of observations. Through the active influence into one another’s life, the people are able to actively participate in exchanging learning tools across one another and sharing of psychological influence to the immediate life of each of them. Every opportunity of participation into the reality of the social life contexts brings with it a leeway of expanded horizons of appreciating the life partaken by the other. Within the exchange facility of the social phenomena, many variables of interest are featured in which are ideally of varied influence to the general livelihood of the clients. The clients will therefore learn through appreciating each other’s concern in the therapeutic environment. (http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=od=5002544146) Through dramaturgical expressions in group psychotherapy, the environment is vigilant in creating standards of environment with which clients gets an immediate feedback in their expressions, their concern, queries, issues put forward above the answer to the problems that are constantly of effect to their pragmatic life. Enactment scenes are like reality rehearsals on the physical situations affecting the client’s lives. Either, dramatic environment provides tools of expressions for better exchange programs between the therapeutic clients. (Wosket, 1997) These scenes are personified to address specific human life situations amongst which are born in the life of the clients. The exchange response is immediate and never a contemplation of the short run imagery. Feedback is therefore arrived at immediately through expressional exchange of imageries between the people. Either, personal interaction with the others provide a better environment for exercising conditions for a better treatment in a client friendly manner of the problem, concerns and also the issues that are of importance and affecting the other. Feedback expression is ridiculous and developed as a motivation to the clients out gone in the world of psychological wrangles. Through faster and immediate solving of the clients problems, they can bring forward immediate signs of appreciations which brings moral motivation and attribute of the professionalism of the therapeutic activities. Clients are more involved in soliciting for better standards of quantifying their social problems in the real life situations. (Kreeger, 1994) Consequently, the influence of dramatic expressions is high supportive to all the therapeutic clients. Generally, dramatic expressions are the best incentive for positive influence into the contributions to the clientele population. These expressions are at one level highly supportive since they help the client to develop an authentic knowledge about specific area of concern in their livelihood. Solving client’s problems through providing environment for explaining the various issues of concern to the client populations remains highly important. The environment is impressive and provides confidence in expression for those who are within the group. (Feather, Ronan, 2006) This is the foremost attribute to provide morale and an interesting environment for the clientele population to participate fully between one another to even provide better condition of expression for them. Since clients are seekers of therapeutic help, confidentiality within the dramatic scene helps them to adequately speak out the issues that operate within them. This provides a fundamental state of expression for each others problem. Their nature of the dramatic activities is entitled to provide a good environment where participatory authority is provided for all within the therapeutic groups. Since this equals personal exchange of ideas between one another, it is a concise method through which the problems of one another are shared fully by the others. (Martin, 2001) The environment (dramatic) is by itself viable for allowing litigant personal expressions to be operational and beneficiary. This is also good at reacting standards of support for each others understanding of the reality of expressions which provide the most adequate response for their social problems. Therefore through personal interactions, the clients learn from one another as they share and contribute towards the problem held by the other. (Spees, 2002) Basically, psychotherapeutic drama involves using of group dynamics and also symbolic plays for treatment of the group’s approach. These are tangible methods of solving various social problems. It involves learning and practising various social skills which form part of the important elements in formulating group success. Dramatic approach helps in creating a good environment for fantasies into the lives of the clients. The emphasis of using drama in psychotherapy has been effective sine 1938. It has been used as a basic medium for change in the broad scenery of the therapeutic situation. However, since many years ago, dramatic expressions have been used as a method o f providing support for dealing with psychiatric patients. Usually, this involves collecting the attributes provided by the general educational theory and putting down into real life practice to even be helpfully practicable to the general world. Through drama, the client’s personality is developed from the current situation of low performance. This will however involve the use of adequacy in the role playing by the individuals within the psychotherapeutic groups. (Weber, Haen, 2005) Either, it involves the use of various functional techniques in the interaction process which helps to provide structures for the most adequate tool of therapeutic control. These tools help in appreciating and increasing the state of contact with the other people within the therapeutic group. Dramatic expressions involve personal creativity where objective discussion of issues will involve the use of creative imaginations above the concentration tool that posts an advantage to the people. Dramatic activities have its discussion on the nature of therapeutic processes with the waging on the product/output of the dramatic activity. The processes and systems are waged under monitoring standard which provides a better environment for making up their social-life contexts. (Schermer, Pines, 1994) This is perhaps the best methods for use in dealing with clients. The creation of the dramatic activity is by the group of the clients which may even include the therapist. Through the activity, the therapist is provided with an adequacy in operation medium in which case he will evaluate the right cause of action to take in the therapeutic process. Generally, the clients will be imposed by greater impact into the activity of social life liberation than when at a single situation with the therapist. Dramatic approach is chiefly allied to the creation of fantastic notions. Elsewhere, the product output of the dramatic activity is highly important in regard to how it will be manifested in the therapeutic process. (Harding, 1996) Otherwise, clients are supposed to have a full support of the output which will depend on the manner with which the clients will be able to incorporate their output into adequate standards for help in their therapeutic process. However, in the spontaneous activities, there may arise some dangers when the clients seek to act on what they get from the dramatic context without internalizing the role of the therapist in such spontaneous activities. Direct action to group lessons may therefore be accompanied by various weaknesses. Dramatic action within therapeutic groups may be a chief source of problems that cannot be adequately handled by the therapists. Therefore, the output of any activity should be easily verified by the therapist before its flow is passed from their actions to the group in control. (Cooper, Smith, Upton, 1994) Through the general implication of drama in psychotherapy is the affiliate benefits allied to the role it plays to group clients. The basic critical for its use is the flow of fallacious and poorly benefiting behaviour to the clients. Consequently, many clients have taken poor behaviour home or school and other social institutions which end up negatively affecting their general life and that of the neighbours. Either, as much as dramatic activities is cost affective and also productive, this is not always practical. It may run weary and inefficient. This may be a catchment’s area for the poorest benefits which include poor behaviour development and more wrangles in ones social life which develops as collateral influence by the therapeutic influence. (Yalom, Leszcz, 2005) The general dramatic scene may be a source of negative influence to the contributor’s life. Some participants may be negatively affected by the positions and roles they are made to play in the therapeutic process. Since the scene provides that members within it participate in different roles, therapeutic drama may be a source of personal inability and negative influence when different members are given inadequate roles to play down. At the process of the dramatic activity, various behavioural imaginaries can then develop such as rivalry between one another, aggression and hatred. For young children, various therapeutic conditions and implications may negatively affect their nature of activity and actions to the external environment. Through various transfers of feelings and activities, this may negatively impact the clients to develop response protocols that do not adequately provide tools for the required therapeutic implication. Actions brought forwards in the therapeutic scene may negatively influence the clients when conflict rises up as an influence of disagreements between the clients. (Sonstegard, Better, Pelonis, 2004) However, dramatic expressions provide an adequate environment for self expression in which the client interact with one another adequately and in a coherent manner to provide support for their well being. This is fundamentally the first and foremost step in building the social prospects of the clients. Through such exchange programs, the clients are able to have an exchange of their social life activities and phenomenologies in which case this should provide a better understanding of the situations. Through a chose linkage with other clients, the general exchange of their activity and process is perhaps made easier and cheaper. Dramatic activity is highly adaptable to the clientele population of different levels. This helps to provide better standards of more effective capacity in which case individual expression help to build them more. Also, their may be a higher state of productivity between them. The method is voted to be highly effective in terms of cost expenditure. It provides standards of support with which individual role play within the group is promoted. Through dramatic groups, psychotherapeutic clients are provided with an impersonalised character of their social life contexts. (Mathiasen, 2005) Generally, the use of creative drama in psychotherapy helps in developing various sets of imaginations and also spontaneity which is supported by specific values above that of using the drama itself for creating subject matters. Through use of drama in group psychotherapy, perhaps the problems is more rationalized and ratified with the participation of the clients themselves building and developing different methods of modelling their social life. It helps to build up personal censorship which helps to provide the individual characters of the clients to even be shared among them in a group manner. Due to the social integration phenomenon of the clients in the scope of the dramatic environment, they will build more characteristic tools to address their problems in a more personified nature. This helps to break the inadequacies born out in individual person therapy where the client-therapist environment may not authenticate to provide standards of support for a better motive of social understanding. Generally therefore, dramatic actions and spontaneous activities would provide a coherent support in providing standards with which the clients would be absorbed more in the way of establishing their social life contexts References Alpert, J. E. Fava, M. (Eds.). (2004). Handbook of Chronic Depression: Diagnosis and Therapeutic Management. New York: Marcel Dekker. Retrieved December 17, 2007, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=od=108952745 The American Psychotherapy Association the American Association of Integrative Medicine the American College of Wellness Present the Evolution of Health Care: Unifying Mind, Body Spirit. (2003). Annals of the American Psychotherapy Association, 6(2), 18+. Retrieved December 17, 2007, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=od=5002544146 Brown, D. (2001). King Lear: The Lost Leader; Group Disintegration, Transformation and Suspended Reconsolidation. Critical Survey, 13(3), 19+. 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